Compilation of Poems, Short Fiction and Non-Fiction Stories

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Introduction to Cultural Anthropology †Summary Essay

How does Language affect the meanings we assign to our experience? The Ideas of Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf demonstrate that the vocabulary of a language may direct perception to certain features of the environment, and the grammar of a language may encourage certain ways of looking at the world. The selection of metaphors also has an impact on the meanings we assign to experience. By taking language from one experience and applying it to another, we carry the meaning of one experience to the other. Robbins then explores the ways in which symbolic action reinforces a particular view of the world. Ritual, for example, symbolically depicts a certain view of reality in such a way that it convinces us of the truth of that reality. Examples include the Cannibal Dance of the Kwakwaka’wakw, which shows the values of Kwakwaka’wakw society and provides members with a way to control their lives, and the rituals of contemporary English magic and witchcraft, which convince persons of this society that mental forces can influence the material world. Walter Benjamin’s Surrealism essay explains how these competing political aims manifest themselves at the level of aesthetic form: â€Å"Here due weight must be given to the insight that in the Traite du style, Aragon’s last book, required a distinction between metaphor and image, a happy insight into questions of style that needs extending. Extension: nowhere do these two — metaphor and image — collide so drastically and so irreconcilably as in politics. For to organize pessimism means nothing other than to expel moral metaphor from politics and to discover in political action a sphere reserved one hundred percent for images. Only when in technology body and image so interpenetrate that all revolutionary tension becomes bodily collective innervation, and all the bodily innervations of the collective become revolutionary discharge, has reality transcended itself to the extent demanded by the Communist Manifesto. For the moment, only the Surrealists have understood its present commands. They exchange, to a man, the play of human features for the face of an alarm clock that in each minute rings for sixty seconds. † Benjamin’s analysis here provides the scattered fragments of a political-aesthetic diagnosis of surrealism which would differentiate this movement from conservative romantic traditions. While such traditions trade in â€Å"moral metaphor† and the â€Å"play of human features† — idealized human forms which are meant to serve as soothing allegories of the supposedly homogenous and unified social body — surrealists circulate what Benjamin elsewhere terms â€Å"dialectical images. † In his writings regarding the Cultural Industry, Adorno continues to emphasis the theories of the Frankfurt school and the concepts of Marx. The terms ‘mass deception’ and ‘social control’ seem to most accurately describe the ideas and theories that Adorno prescribe. He further suggests the notion that socially, we are conditioned to think rationally, reasonably and through a scientific approach, which when structured to appease the larger cultural industry, functions by disallowing the potential for human individuality, and re-emphasizing the myth that such individuality could even exist. According to the text we are conditioned to be obedient to the great social hierarchy, thus the opportunity for any social change is limited, is it not? The notion that culture is entertainment is also introduced, and that as individuals, we can only accept out work/roles knowing that pleasure will ultimately be rewarded. 2. Summarize what you consider to be the relationship between the assigned readings. How do the readings speak to each other? – All three authors I believe have a relationship with expressing metaphors in their texts. A thing regarded as representative or symbolic of something else, especially something abstract. Throughout each reading society, cultural, language, politics, thinking, and social change is present in all three readings and in all three these words are represented with symbolic meaning and/or have a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action. Through these metaphors I believe is the way that these texts speak to one another. Each text you can find similar symbolic meaning and a word or phrase that is attached to an object or action. . Identify one or more passages that you feel are especially provocative, suggestive, dubious or illustrative of the author’s argument. – In the Richard Robbins text one passage especially was provocative to the author’s argument in symbolic action reinforces a particular view of the world and the reality we as human beings live in. â€Å"Ritual, for example, symbolically depicts a certain view of r eality in such a way that it convinces us of the truth of that reality†. In the Walter Benjamin Text one passage especially was provocative to the author’s argument in explaining how competing political aims manifest themselves at the level of aesthetic form. â€Å"Here due weight must be given to the insight that in the Traite du style, Aragon’s last book, required a distinction between metaphor and image, a happy insight into questions of style that needs extending. Extension: nowhere do these two — metaphor and image — collide so drastically and so irreconcilably as in politics. † In the Theodor Adorno text one passage especially was provocative to the author’s argument in the notion that socially, we are conditioned to think rationally, reasonably and through a scientific approach, which when structured to appease the larger cultural industry, functions by disallowing the potential for human individuality, and re-emphasizing the myth that such individuality could even exist. â€Å"The notion that culture is entertainment is also introduced, and that as individuals, we can only accept out work/roles knowing that pleasure will ultimately be rewarded. Thus, must not culture and society be forced to change, as it was also interpreted that pleasure without change becomes a sort of work, and then our understanding/defining of pleasure must be constantly changing in order for the mass society to maintain social obedience. 4. Briefly compare the texts you have read or some aspect of it/them, with a previous selection or selections read in this course. – I reread â€Å"A Berlin Chronicle† in Reflections and then read the whole of Berlin Childhood around 1900. I thought about how he had not been able to return, and how he had written Berlin Childhood around 1900 precisely as a way of dealing with the irrevocable loss of the world of his childhood and its security. Benjamin knew by 1932 that he would never be able to return to Berlin his home again. Benjamin immortalized the cities that had rejected him, writing about his memories of earlier and safer times. Benjamin is recalling a lost world. He selects a variety of places and spaces that contain or prompt memories of his childhood and the high bourgeois world that nourished his fantasies and predilections. By 1932 this world was gone, or at least inaccessible to Benjamin and other Jews like him. Reading this text I can compare it to Richard Robbins chapter 4 material when he writes â€Å"demonstrate that the vocabulary of a language may direct perception to certain features of the environment, and the grammar of a language may encourage certain ways of looking at the world. † Reading this helped me understand â€Å"A Berlin Chronicle† and how Walter Benjamin’s language and vocabulary were in direct result of the environment he was living in and how that encouraged his view on Berlin. Also, Comparing â€Å"A Berlin Chronicle† to Theodor Adorno’s The Culture Industry I found a passage that directly relates to Walter Benjamin and his time in Berlin. â€Å"He further suggests the notion that socially, we are conditioned to think rationally, reasonably and through a scientific approach, which when structured to appease the larger cultural industry, functions by disallowing the potential for human individuality, and re-emphasizing the myth that such individuality could even exist. According to the text we are conditioned to be obedient to the great social hierarchy, thus the opportunity for any social change is limited. † After reading this passage you can relate this to the larger cultural as the Nazis as they were the ones disallowing the potential for human individuality against the Jews, while reemphasizing the myth that such Jewish individuality could even exist. 5. Offer a brief critical assessment of the texts and its ideas: Do you find that it opens up new avenues of inquiry or reveals new knowledge? What question does it raise for you? How would you evaluate them overall? -Out of the three texts I found an interesting passage out of Walter Benjamin’s Surrealism text that opens up new avenues of inquiry and reveals new knowledge for the reader. â€Å"There is always, in such movements, a moment when the original tension of the secret society must either explode in a matter of fact, profane struggle for power and domination, or decay as a public demonstration and be transformed. Reading this passage and the author’s use of the word illumination throughout the essay, the reader could easily open a new avenue on a secret society named the Illuminati. The author even stats â€Å"And the most passionate investigation of the hashish trance will not teach us half as much about thinking, as the profane illumination of thinking about the hashish trance. The reader, the thinker, the loiterer, the flaneur, are types of illuminati just as much as the opium eater, the dreamer, and the ecstatic. And more profane. Not to mention that most terrible drug –ourselves- which we take in solitude. With so many references or should I say hidden references I can only ask if Walter Benjamin is referring to this secret society the Illuminati. Overall all three texts had their strong points but from day one when I began Walter Benjamin’s readings he has captured me in ways other authors haven’t. It could be that he writes essays while intoxicated or how it seems there is always secret meaning in his writings. If not secret then definitely meaning that could be explored even further and spend a whole class just decoding this topic.

Cohesion and Discipline of the Party in Government

Parties matter in part because they influence the actions of elected officials. But scholars also note that lawmakers from the same party may not vote together. Party cohesion has varied over time – sometimes party members stick together on many key votes, at other times they are no more likely to vote with fellow party members than with the opposition. Parties have various means at their disposal to encourage members to cooperate in achieving a party program. Sometimes these tools are sufficiently compelling that individual members may back the party program at the expense of their constituents' interest.However the case is quite different in European Parliamentary systems of government where party cohesion is essential for the implementing of government policies that the party in power wishes to impose. Although party cohesion in American government has risen because of intraparty heterogeneity and the realignment of the South (Hetherington and Larson), the party discipline and unity is not nearly as cohesive as those found in Parliamentary systems. This is in large part due to the fact that the tools of the party leaders in each system are different.In Parliamentary systems, because the risk of not voting in terms of party could lead to the collapse of the present regime and government system, party leaders tend to have more effective tools at their disposal to use in encouraging party cohesion/discipline. Party discipline or cohesion  is the ability of a  political party  to get its members to support the policies of their party leadership. Party discipline is essential for all systems of  government  that allow parties to hold  political power  because it determines the degree to which the governmental organization will be affected by the political processes.Party cohesion is closely related to party discipline (Aldrich). Distinctly, however, it is essentially â€Å"coordinated† behavior reflecting the interacting incentives of individual legislators, whereas party discipline is the outcome of a strategic game played within political parties, in which legislators who are party members respond to rewards and punishments determined by some internal party decision-making regime. In political systems other than American presidential democratic system, straying from the party lines can result in the fine and/or expulsion of members such as in the  People's Republic of China (Aldrich).Party discipline tends to be extremely strong in  Parliamentary systems such as in  European countries in which a vote by the legislature against their party is understood to cause the governmental â€Å"collapse† of the present regime (Huber). In these situations, it is extremely rare for a member to vote against the wishes of their party. Party leaders in such governments often have the authority to expel members of the party who violate the party line.Weak party discipline is usually more frequent in congressional s ystems  such as the  United States Congress where power within in the party is more democratic than the authoritarian system seen in parliamentary governments, with leaders dictating order to the members to follow suit. In these American legislatures, it is routine for members to cross party lines on a given vote, typically following the interests of their region (constituents) or following other members of a borderline group within their party.In America the risk is not that high, with party disagreement just results in the upsetting of the party elites without true damaging costs except for the withdrawal of their support. Party cohesion and party discipline are very distinctive under parliamentary government, where a lack of cohesion and/or indiscipline among parliamentarians belonging to government parties may jeopardize the very existence of the government. Certainly from the perspective of making and breaking governments, levels of party discipline are very high in Europea n parliamentary democracies.There are very few examples indeed of parties that have been â€Å"half-in, half-out† of government, in the sense that legislators from the same government party have voted in different ways on key legislative motions of confidence and/or investiture. In this sense parties do go into and come out of government in a unified manner. In the American democracy, this just isn’t the case. Politicians have more allegiance to their regions and constituents than to their party. Because of the way the nomination system works. Party nominations no longer rest in the hands of party elites but in those of the public.Thus it’s better for one’s political career to appeal to the public and not to party. According to other scholars enhance this opinion by adding â€Å"the main influence of party discipline is not on the votes on specific roll calls but on the choice ideologically of the party† (McCarty, Poole and Rosenthal). This suggest s that members will vote in line with their ideals rather than their leadership. To come to this conclusion they observed changing patterns of roll call voting among party-switchers and inferred that legislators appear o coordinate on roll calls because they change policy preferences to reflect those of their parties. Thus the question becomes, why do members of political parties even bother to behave in cohesive manners? Political scientists and elites have attributed this behavior to a trinity of solutions. Electoral incentives for legislators that arise from the value of a party label, strategic incentives within the legislature that reward legislators who behave in a coordinated fashion, and the ability of party leaders to implement a system of rewards and punishments are all attributed reasons (Hix and Simon).Political scientists argue that electoral incentives might generate emergent party cohesion. By creating a type or brand that politicos can blanket themselves under in ord er for voters to infer information about candidates in elections. Recognized legislators join political parties to signal policy positions to voters, doing this so long as it increases their chances of election or re-election. Voters make inferences about candidates’ policy preferences only by observing their party membership.Identifying candidates with their party and ignoring what candidates might actually say about their own policy preferences. Candidates in these models do have underlying policy preferences and thus prefer to join parties comprising like-minded colleagues (Krehbiel). This is because the party policy positions that are part of the brand with which each member is associated are influenced by the positions of all party members.In this system it benefits a candidate to vote along party lines in order to be associated with a specific regime policies, outcomes, and therefore successes. Party membership involves costs that arise from this incentive. There are co sts arising from associating with a party label indicating a unique policy position that differs from the ideal point of the member – and of being associated with a party that will actually implement this position if it is in a position to do so(Snyder and Ting).Since the primary focus of this type of work is on the electoral phase of the political game, and despite occasional references to â€Å"party discipline†, this approach involves no explicit model of intraparty politics– except for the assumption that the party policy platform is chosen by either a dictatorial leader or simple majority voting by party members (Snyder and Ting). In addition, this incentive assumes that politicians are allowed to join, and to remain within, any party they choose. The only â€Å"filter† on party entry in such odels is party policy itself which, combined with the deadweight costs of party membership, discourages legislators with very divergent policy positions from jo ining the party (Snyder and Ting 2002: 95) This means that the underlying process being modeled is a type of sorting or the partitioning of voters between parties, but the logical engine of this model could also be applied to explain the sorting of politicians between parties on the assumptions that party positions are some function of the positions of party members and that politicians want to affiliate to the party with the closest position.While this large body of work gives us useful intuitions about electoral incentives for legislators to affiliate to parties, the main lesson is that electoral incentives may well make a party label a valuable commodity. Thus, if a party’s decision-making regime can intensely threaten to withdraw the party label from party legislators if they fail to abide by party decisions about legislative behavior, then this will make those decisions easier to enforce.On this perspective, party discipline is about legislators responding to explicit or implicit threats by party leaders to impose electoral costs by withdrawing the party label, by casting votes in otherwise costly compliance with party policy. The resources party leaders in both parliamentary and US federal government and parliamentary government context can deploy to structure the incentives of legislatures in a way that ensures party discipline include control over electorally valuable party labels (party identity) and control over sought-after perquisites in the legislature.However, this incentive structure has an important new dimension under parliamentary government, arising from the fact that the legislature typically functions as a recruitment pool for the executive, and political ambition of its members are at the forefront. In Parliamentary governmental system, party leaders have the tools at their disposal to make or break candidates if they dissent, because the stakes are so high. If government parties cannot maintain firm party discipline, then they can not retain a secure hold upon office.When legislative parties do move into government, control over the allocation of important government jobs, whether these are cabinet or junior ministries or other key patronage appointments, typically rests in the hands of a very small number of senior party politicians, who can and do use these offices to reward loyal party members and who can and do punish mavericks by denying them the rewards of office. However, in American politics party leaders do not have the authority to simply dismiss a candidate.They may only throw their endorsement or support candidates with funds and become â€Å"king makers†. It is unrealistic to think that Nancy Pelosi can tell a conservative democrat to go away. She can allow withhold resources (money and her name recognition support). But this won’t be enough if the candidates’ constituents carry him through to victory. Legislative incentives also coexist which derives from improved expectatio ns in relation to a range of legislative payoffs that accrue to legislators who belong to larger rather than smaller cartels or coalitions of legislators.A large part of the relevant literature has been concerned with the role of party in the US Congress, and how the main concern of those elected is to pass legislature and having a single legislative party commands a majority position. The main legislative resource is the ability to capture a majority coalition of legislators. This is achieved by controlling the allocation between legislators of agenda setting legislative offices, such as committee chairs.On this argument, the power to make such allocations is delegated by party members to the party hierarchy, which can use this power to enhance party discipline, which in turn feeds back to enhance the value of the party label in the electoral game. This is important because the legislature is the main political arena in which legislators seek to fulfill their objectives, policy and otherwise. US parties impose discipline on their members by manipulating scarce agenda-control resources is in contrast an alternative influential argument, ( Krehbiel (1993, 1998).This holds that what looks like legislative party discipline is an essentially emergent phenomenon. US legislators choose which party to affiliate to on the basis of their intrinsic policy preferences – in effect joining a party of like-minded individuals and then quite voluntarily behaving in the same way as these on the floor of the House without the need for any â€Å"externally† imposed party effect. Legislators are voting the same way because they like the same policies, or because they are responding to the same non-policy incentive structure put in place by the party hierarchy.There are two roll calls put in place to ensure this outcome (Snyder and Groseclose). On one hand there are â€Å"lop sided† roll calls. In which first, legislators will treat these as a forgone conclusi on and, second, that party leaders will see them as offering no rationale for the (by assumption costly) deployment of party discipline. On the other hand there are â€Å"close† roll calls, for which coordinated legislator behavior makes the difference between winning and losing. There is strong evidence suggesting that the â€Å"party effect† is much higher for close than for lop-sided roll calls.They infer from this that US parties can and do influence the behavior of their legislative members when this makes a real difference, and do not attempt to do so when it does not. Cohesion seems to be closest when the party leadership has publicly identified as a priority, and find much more of a party effect on these than on issues that are not party priorities. Party cohesion in parliamentary government is important to the proper function of government because it essentially in lamest terms â€Å"makes or breaks government†.Under the constitutional regime of parliam entary government, that is pervasive in Europe, almost certainly the most important role for the legislature arises from the fact that the executive gains and retains office as long as it maintains the confidence of the legislature. This requirement is constitutionally manifested in the parliamentary vote of confidence/no confidence in the government (Huber 1996; Lijphart 1992, 1999). The executive under parliamentary government, furthermore, the â€Å"cabinet† of ministers bound together under the constitutionally embedded rule of collective cabinet responsibility.The stability and effectiveness of the government thus depends upon the ability of government parties to maintain disciplined behavior by party legislators. Effective party discipline means that a government is not defeated – either on votes of confidence/no confidence or on key pieces of legislation – because some legislators who belong to government parties vote against the government. Thus, while t he vote of no confidence is the constitutional foundation of parliamentary government, the behavioral foundation can be seen as party discipline.If the government parties maintain firm discipline on the part of their legislators, and if they control sufficient legislative support to take office in the first place, then they can maintain themselves in office, with firm control over the entire political process and facing few legislative impediments to the implementation of their policy and other objectives. Conversely, if government parties cannot maintain firm party discipline, then they cannot retain a secure hold upon office. The key point in all of his concerns the huge incentive in a parliamentary government system for senior party politicians – who themselves will often be members of the government – to maintain firm discipline over the members of their party. What is so striking about incentives for party cohesion and discipline under parliamentary government, as opposed to presidential government, is that these incentives cast the role of party leaders in a completely new light. â€Å"Party leaders† tend to play explicit and implicit roles. Party leaders tend to be seen as managers who essentially offer coordination and enforcement services to party members.As agents of their party, such party leaders have incentives to shirk. Imposing party discipline, by whatever means, is thus the fulfillment of obligation The reason such models of party discipline can look bizarre and unrealistic in the context of parliamentary government is that an â€Å"agency/expensive-discipline† model of party leadership (Cox McCubbins) seems implausible in a constitutional environment where party leaders are senior politicians who are the key players in a series of interlocking at the essence of the political process.Not only do party leaders make the really key decisions – about making and breaking governments, elections, but they also enjoy the benefits of office when this is achieved – whether these are perquisites such as the hefty check, the government jet, or the ministerial Mercedes, or opportunities to shift policy outputs in preferred directions as a result of controlling vetoes and agendas. In a nutshell, maintaining tight party discipline is highly incentive compatible for party leaders under parliamentary democracy.Indeed it is difficult to think of reasons why party leaders in a parliamentary government system would not want to maintain tight party discipline. Except in the matter of a voting on a highly divisive, sensitive, and cross-cutting issue, such as gay marriage or stem cell research for which it is against party interests to be identified with a single unambiguous position – then a legislative â€Å"free vote† can be declared on the matter and legislators can be allowed to vote with their â€Å"consciences†. But the orderly ability to switch free votes on and off is an i ndicator of firm party control over the behavior of party legislators (Aldrich).Parties are institutions in their own right. They are endogenous institutions, but parliamentary governmental parties are more deeply embedded into the constitutional rules of the political game of parliamentary government than a mere behavioral coalition of legislators. They are â€Å"political clubs† with their own set of rules to abide by. They are guided by their own system of rewards and punishment. In parliamentary government, membership of the party is completely dependent on the party label and the incentive of legislatives to be associated with the party brand or label. Cohesion and coordinated voting produce this benefit.In which individual members have an incentive to take part in coordinated behavior if they can get away with doing so. As mentioned before, if members choose not to act in this fashion, they can be exiled from the party and thereby denied access to the party label. Actin g in accordance to party can result in the placement of one’s name on the party ballot. Parties have the right to endorse particular candidates as official party candidates. Under the list-Proportional Representation electoral systems that are very common in parliamentary democracies, parties absolutely control access to and candidate placement on the party list.Therefore, parties in parliamentary democracies directly control access to the party label on the ballot. If denied this, a putative candidate must be admitted to and endorsed by another party, or must form a new party, or must run as an independent. In addition, access to legislative perquisites, whether these are physical office accommodation, speaking time on the floor of the house (perhaps to impress constituents at the next election), or paid positions with access to considerable resources, such as committee chairs.There are thus plenty of opportunities for party hierarchs to reward and punish individual legislat ive party members as they go about their daily lives. No doubt in the U. S. A. the movement towards the establishment of a disciplined and responsible party system is largely confined to the academic world. In the presidential system in US government rewards and punishment do indeed exist but not on the same level as in the parliamentary government (Cox and McCubbins). Party elites cannot simply cast away political hopefuls directly due to the constitution and the format of the political system.Power is not solely in the hands of elites, but the major American parties, national and state, are not based on mass memberships. â€Å"Only here and there in the United States are attempts made to fix a large-scale party membership on a regular dues-paying basis and thus to correspond to the European parliamentary scale (Jackson Moselle). † Party cohesion is absent even among the party workers and all the discipline that exists among party organizers before elections ceases to exist after elections. The problem stems from American attitudes about party.Most Americans identify themselves with a particular party but do not feel that they are obliged thereby to work actively for that party’s nominees (Laver). Anyone can legally qualify himself as a party member just by going through some registration procedure. Unlike the parliamentary system where you must pledge party allegiance before even having one’s name considered on the ballot. No state demands work on behalf of a party’s candidates or contributions to its campaign funds as prerequisites for becoming a legal party member (Giannetti and Laver).Structure of the American party has impact on party cohesion. The party structure in America consists of â€Å"a hierarchy of permanent party committees from precinct to national committee†. The National Committee which stands at the apex is made up of one man and one woman from each of the states picked by some kind of machinery within its State organization. The seemingly hierarchical structure does not produce party cohesion for power is decentralized and each unit is independent and needs not approval form the others.For example, the Chairman of the County Committee does not depend for his post on the State Committee and the latter hardly depends for its tenure or powers on the National Committee. To add to decentralization of power is the absence of uniformity in structure. The most striking feature in the party organization in the U. S. A. is that it is regulated by State laws while in all other democracies party structure is determined by the party itself. Diversity in State laws regarding party organizations naturally does not give scope for political discipline for the parties in America.In addition, primaries took the power of selection away from a band of leaders and activists and placed in by law in the hands of the voters. Unlike in Parliamentary systems where the local party organization selects the cand idates, the national party organization is finally obeyed. V. O. Key express the view that â€Å"by the adoption of the direct primary the organization was stripped of its most important function, that of nomination†. Every political party has two divisions, the organizational and legislative, and party discipline is as essential in the latter as in the former.If party cohesion is judged on the basis of the roll-call vote and the frequency with which members of a party differ among themselves, the index of cohesion in U. S. A. may be said to be very low. â€Å"The relatively low cohesion among Republican and among Democratic Congressmen† is mainly due to the non- parliamentary system of Government. The Congressman in U. S. A. need have no fear that division in the ranks of the party will lead to the dissolution of the legislature unlike in the Parliamentary system. So the significant feature with the roll-call vote in the American Congress is the absence of party cohes ion.Each of the two parties is divided into several factions and the factions in the two parties join or oppose one another irrespective of party labels, depending on the issue put for voting (Krehbiel). The decentralized structure of the parties makes a member depend for his success in elections more on his constituency than on his party. However, party cohesion in American government is not nonexistent, even though it is not as strong as those under the parliamentary democracies system. Each party selects a floor leader, whips and a Caucus Chairman creating a somewhat centralized structure that in practice increase party cohesion.Commonly, the party groups cohere more tightly on some party dividing issues than on others. For example 4,658 members of the House in 11 selected modern sessions only 181 or less than 41 per cent voted with the opposing party more often than with their own. The proportion was slightly higher in the Senate. Out of 847 senators in 9 sessions, 63 percent se cured their parties on a majority of the votes. (Jackson and Moselle)† For there is a tendency for most Republicans to be in voting opposition to most Democrats on controversial issues, showing strong party discipline.Indeed, American party cohesion is on the up rise. Realignment of the South played a role as the South has consistently voted conservatively since the Nixon years (Hetherington and Larson). Another key piece is the ideological differences among the two major parties (Democrats and Republicans) are greater today than they have been in years pass. Scholars have noted that the more ideologically extreme, the higher the cohesion. As parties have more interparty heterogeneity, each party has developed more intraparty homogeneity, which has given rise to roll-call voting (Hetherington and Larson).Strong party leaders also play a role in this phenomenon. Members in each party endow their respective party leaders with powers to advance the policy agenda. Ideological unit y in the 1970s with House Democrats, cause them to place the Rules Committee under the control of party leaders. Thus giving the house Democratic Caucus more power to oust wayward committee chairs who stood in the progress of the party’s initiatives. Demonstrating, American parties have been adjusting to their weak party model, and adapting in a way to influence party cohesive as exhibited so strongly in the American government.It is the clear consensus that Parliamentary government is indeed stronger in party discipline and cohesiveness than its American presidential system counterparts. The main reason for this phenomenon rests in the power of the political elites in each party system and the tools the system provides for their disposal-party label, patronage, etc.. In American politics, elites can only indirectly influence party-line voting as granted to the present political system. However, in parliamentary government, elites directly have the authority to dismiss or ele vate the position of their members, thus encouraging party cohesion.Bibliography Aldrich, John H. 1995. Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Cox,Gary, and Mathew McCubbins 1993. Legislative Leviathan. Berkeley: University of California Press. Cox, Gary, and Mathew McCubbins. 2005. Setting the Agenda: Responsible Party Government in the US House of Representatives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming. Gallagher, Michael, Michael Laver and Peter Mair. 2005. Representative Government in Modern Giannetti, Daniela and Michael Laver. 2005. Policy positions and jobs in the government.European Journal of Political Research. 44: 1-30. Hetherington and Larson. Parties, Politics, and Public Policy in America. 11th edition. 2009 Hix, Simon. 2001. Legislative behaviour and party competition in the European Parliament: an application of Nominate to the EU. Journal of Common Market Studies 39:4 (November 20 01), 663-688 Huber, John. 1996. Rationalizing parliament: legislative institutions and party politics in France. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jackson, Matthew O. and Boaz Moselle. 2002. Coalition and Party Formation in a Legislative Voting Game Journal of Economic Theory, Vol. 103, No. 1, pp 49-87.Kollman, Ken, John Miller and Scott Page. 1992. Adaptive parties in spatial elections. American Krehbiel, Keith. 1993. â€Å"Where’s the Party? † British Journal of Political Science 23 (1): 235–6 Political Science Review. 86 (December) 929-937. Laver, Michael. 2005. Policy and the dynamics of political competition. American Political Science Review, forthcoming. Snyder, James M. , Jr. , and Tim Groseclose. 2001. â€Å"Estimating Party Influence on Roll Call Voting: Regression Coefficients versus Classification Success † American Political Science Review. Vol. 95, No. 3, 689-698 V. O. Key:  Politics, Parties and Pressure Groups. p. 12.

How native american were treated Personal Statement

How native american were treated - Personal Statement Example Native America contracted epidemics diseases brought by the European, got displaced, enslavement and high rates of intermarriages (Stannard, 1993). An Indian Holocaust is a term used by the American Indians to describe the mass destruction of the Indian population following the European colonization. On other hand, genocide means the killing of a particular people or tribe. It is also described as an intentional and systematic termination of national or ethnic group. Genocide is not a new phenomenon as the American Indians experienced it when colonialists burnt down their villages and shot all people including women and children. There were many aspects of genocide that was implemented by the Native Americans. The list of genocidal guidelines includes biological welfare, mass-execution, Incarceration, prevention of religious practices and incarceration among others. Mass-execution started when Columbus arrived as the forty-eight neighboring states of America were in excess by twelve million. Columbus came to implement mass execution and slavery. Three years later, approximately five million people were dead as a result of the m ass execution and slavery. Spanish colonizers were harsh to children who attempted to run as they could cut off their legs (Stannard, 1993). They could also pour boiling soap on people who tried to resist their commands. This torture was an awful thing to do to a fellow human being. Despite the departure of Christopher Columbus, many countries celebrated the day that he arrived in America. However, this holiday has been widely opposed. This holiday is not common as people argue that he was cruel to the natives when he arrived in America. The day should not be eminent as it brings back memories of tears. The Spanish government conducted a census, and they found out that only 200 indigenous people were

As You Like It by Shakespeare is a still comedy, because Jaques is Essay

As You Like It by Shakespeare is a still comedy, because Jaques is intended as a tool to represent relativity of values - Essay Example In this regard Shakespeare, Evans & Tobin comments substantiating the role of Jacques, â€Å"Throughout â€Å"As You Like It† Jacques has functioned less as the representative of a valid point of view than as a measure of the essential sanity and balance of [the] characters† (42). Simply the presence of Jacques in the novel is melancholic, as the comic trait of the play requires him to be in such a manner to represent the relativity of values. It is remarkable that â€Å"Melancholy Jacques† is schemed as an observant to view the new world in the Arden Forest. He is the only cynic in the Arden Forest, whereas all other characters are happy and joyful. He spends most of his time grudging against the hostility of life. Rather it seems that Jacques is more comfortable with the cynic views that put the joyous environment with the people around him into direct contrast with his depression and also his â€Å"miserable world† (Shakespeare Act 2 sc 7). His depression emerges not only from the futility of human life but also from the feebleness and the evilness of human nature. Jacques carefully keeps himself out of the happy group in the Forest of Arden. Anyway, the reason of Jacques’ bitterness is not mentioned explicitly. As his functions appear to be the sharp foil to the jubilance of other characters, â€Å"inside the happy fantasyland of Arden, Jacques is a constant reminder that in the real world time i s not suspended, and grief, sorrow and death provide a counterpoint to all human joys† (Study-world). Throughout the whole play, the significance of Jacques’s role is so weighty that he alone has been manipulated to work out the thematic joyous environment around other characters as a foil to their jubilation. He provides the audience the perfect lookout to perceive life as â€Å"strange eventful history† (Shakespeare Act II Sc VII). Though the terms, â€Å"pessimism† â€Å"cynicism† suitably fit the character of Jacques,

Economic Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economic Growth - Essay Example The economic growth of Singapore is not that strong and sustaining. This is because, Singapore’s population is growing at a slow rate that the current economic plan cannot sustain. The available productive population is not enough to produce goods and services that can support the large old and unproductive population. More to that is Singapore had is limited in terms of land availability and has limited supply of water. This makes it hard to sustain its economy as a lot revenue earned is spend in purchasing this resources rather than developing the economy of that nation (Abeysinghe & Choy, 7). However, it has to be concluded that, though Singapore’s economic growth has not attained a level in which it can be referred to us strong and sustaining, its economy has grown tremendously since 2013. The Economic Development Board of Singapore is committed to achieve better and better investment strategies every year while striving to generate jobs for citizens of Singapore. In order for Singapore to grow economically, it should focus on ensuring that it records a high level of GDP and GNI. This is because these are the indicators of performance of a nation. Therefore, in order for Singapore to increase its GDP per capita. This is well attained by ensuring that Singaporeans are advised to consume the locally produced commodities. Consumption of foreign commodities should be limited since purchase involving such commodities lead to loss of local income. Moreover, Singaporeans should be encouraged to make investments. Investments are a way of ensuring that the local currency circulates appropriately within the economy and therefore reduces the imbalance between the poor and the rich (Koh, 2). In addition to that, government of Singapore is advised to increases its expenditure in generating job opportunities and establishment of social amenities like hospitals, schools, road networks, that will

Management of Change Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Management of Change - Case Study Example However, the management failed in addressing the short-term health risks of the long-sleeved shirts especially during the hot summer. It is true that there are many risk-behaviours, incidents and injuries that occur in the construction industry thus Main Roads department must focus on the occupational health and safety of its workforce estimated at 5,000 workers. There are some organizational barriers to change since the department of Main Roads has a centralised policy of resource allocation, bureaucratic procedures and a hierarchical structure thus hindering flow of information and fast decision-making. However, the Main Roads department claims that it cooperates with other government departments in implementation of policy agenda through consultations with stakeholders and external agencies. Surprisingly, the department did not consult with Cancer Council on the sun-safe strategies that will ensure workers are protected from skin cancer in the workplace, but relied on World Health Organization (WHO) advice on and figures that point out the Australia has the highest incidence of skin cancer. On the other hand, Cancer Council recommends that all workplaces to have ultraviolent (UV) radiation protection program that entails comprehensive policy and strategies of early detection and prevention of skin cancer. It is a fact that construction wo rkers have higher risk of skin cancer that all other workers due to long exposure to radiation from direct sunlight and UV rays. The Main Roads department has a positive culture that aims at protecting workers from health risks. The department has certain shared norms, customs and practices. However, the outside workers have the mentality that ‘as soon as the sun comes out you take your shirt off’. The department has created a powerful coalition â€Å" A Safety Leaders Group† that will steer the efforts of promoting positive safety staff attitudes in the

How does the identity of consultants impact their work Essay

How does the identity of consultants impact their work - Essay Example This paper explores identity formation in multiple fields of consultancy work to determine how identity impedes job role or whether elements of identity have the potential to enhance relationships internally or with external clients. The nature of consultancy According to Alvesson & Robertson (2006, p.220), consultancy firms â€Å"are highly people dependent and rely heavily upon safe-guarding loyalty through identification†. The consultancy industry relies on organisational culture and structure that facilitates allegiance and dependability through various social systems that guide control behaviour through management and demand reliability in all aspects of client relationships. In psychological theory, the nature of organisational culture or group membership defines team-based hierarchies as being highly contributory to self-esteem development and the sustainment of affiliation needs in order to achieve the pinnacle of total self-development and productivity (Chow, 2009; Ga mbrel & Cianci, 2003). Affiliation needs are necessary in group-based environments that are people dependent in order to sustain higher self-esteem development and be able to link identity with organisational culture. A study utilizing a sample of 79 representatives from four distinctly different consulting firms identified that the role of consultant requires four key dimensions. These include knowledge work, management and membership, personal orientation and external interface (Alvesson & Empson, 2008). Knowledge work is the active sharing of data between key members of the organisation and promoting knowledge as a regular business practice. Membership ties closely with the psychological principles previously identified as they are related to finding a sense of identity in terms of the organisation and its mission or structure, as well as related to personal orientation, in support of the literature provided by Chow (2009) and Gambrel & Cianci (2003). For the sake of this analysi s, the spotlight will be on external interface which deals with how the organisation or the individual is seen by others in the external environment. Kipping & Armbruster (2002) recognise that consultants have a difficult time legitimizing their profession to the outside world and clients. There is a general misconception about consultancy work that exists in the external community and external marketplace that is build on scepticism of its validity with perceptions that the field is borne less of expertise and knowledge, but more as â€Å"masters of persuasion† (Kitay & Wright, 2007, p.1619). This pervading professional and social attitude regarding consultancy work maintains the potential to have negative impact on the self-confidence development of consultant workers that could have ramifications for their practice activities and general attitude. â€Å"A deficient sense of the self has a profound impact on psychological functioning as well as interpersonal behaviour† (Reasoner, 2009, p.2). Much to the disadvantage of the consultant, the majority of their dealings are with the external environment in the form of client relationships. When consultants are put into the position of having to continuously

Innovation and change - open innovation and strategy Essay - 4

Innovation and change - open innovation and strategy - Essay Example More importantly, it is realized that innovation is normally a very expensive process for most organizations hence it really requires that its success be effectively determined in order to justify the financial allocation on the process. Most importantly, the present business environment mostly relies on innovation as the engine through which success and positive change can be realized in the organization. Any innovation process in the organization is normally intended to achieve the basic goals of the organization which include revenue growth, customer satisfaction and profit maximization. These fundamental metrics are therefore the core factors that any model for the measurement of innovation performance should focus upon. However, it must be realized that these success metrics can normally be influenced by other factors other than innovation. In this regard, it is much important to draw the line between the successes realized as a result of innovation from other influencing factors. Like in the overall business growth, measuring innovation performance is never limited to the tangible goals realized in the organization. Quite a number of intangible factors normally indicate the success or failure of a given innovation process in the organization. In measuring the performance or success of innovation in the organization, the success metrics are weighed against the inputs towards the innovation process. Inputs in this regard are normally both tangible and intangible. Tangible inputs include the financial resources needed in the process and the quantifiable adjustments done in the organization as a result of the innovation process. On the other hand, intangible inputs include staff-behavior adjustments and increased attention in the organization in order to successfully enhance the innovation process (Shehabuddeen, 2007). The simplest generic model in the measurement of innovation can focus on the opportunity costs of the innovation process. In this process,

Econometrics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Econometrics - Essay Example Apple still sells its computer directly to the customers using an online store through various outlets in the global domain (Geweke, Horowitz and Pesaran, 2008). At the same time, Apple stores sell its products via other retail outlets such as the mass-market distributors. By comparison, Apple and Gateway are almost equal in their size. They also respond to their business challenges using similar market strategies. The two firms are experiencing various significant difficulties in the present market. The death of Steve Jobs particularly affects Apple’s stock return and causes it to decline in its entire economy and financial performance. This is especially true with the sales of personal computers. The accounting practices of Apple Inc. are strongly harmonious with the international standard and give a declining performance in comparison with the Jobs time. The two companies Apple and Gateway show a revenues decline for the years between 2011 and 2013. Apple declined by 16.7% while Gateway declined by 14.6% from 2012 to 2013. During the fall in revenue for the two companies, Apple managed to reduce its operating expenditure by 4%. In the event, Apple is operating revenue reduced by 43 % (Angrist & Pischke, 2010). Apple also had positive results from its investments as well as in the interest income. On the other hand, Gateway experienced negative results in the same aspects. The collective impacts of the different performances were very poor for Gateway as opposed to Apple. Between the year 2011 and 2013 Apple declined in net income by 54.7%. Apple had a momentous operational return as far as liquidity is concerned. Its quick ratio had doubled. Profitability and Return on Equity increased almost 69 times while its inventory management increased more than ten times faster. These factors were the driving force for the fundamental financial features and differences. The fundamental factor for the negative developments in Apple after the

Informactics Nurse Specialists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Informactics Nurse Specialists - Essay Example Their scope of practice spreads from operational to strategic planning. They are the link between the nursing and information system departments (ANA, 2011). INSs collect data for patient care, access information needed for providing nursing services and implement policies to ensure confidentiality, privacy and security of data. An INS combines clinical expertise and informatics expertise for the efficient and successful interpretation and use of health information technologies (ANA, 2011). An INS is responsible for designing, implementing and training with regard to information systems within the nursing department. He is also responsible for the department’s informational needs and conducts orientation programs for new nurses, physicians and ancillary staff (ANA, 2011). He maintains policies and procedures about the hospital’s medical information system and updates the staff on design and use of the order entry, results reporting and new program functions (Saba & McCo rmick, 1996). The most significant benefit of hiring an INS in a health institution is the improved quality of patient care offered (Hannah, Ball & Edwards, 2006). In their duty, nurses’ decisions are founded on information available. INSs play a key role in organizing the information available to nurses for them to carry out their duties and monitor patients accurately (Hannah et al, 2006). Also, most hospitals do regular medical research. Hiring an INS improves research in health care institution’s. By the use of computer software, nurse researchers can manipulate data making it easy for nurses to diagnose problems and come up with the right decisions. This in turns helps to improve the quality of care given (Hannah et al, 2006). There is a considerable reduction in medical and diagnostic errors. Apart from better provision of care, having an INS helps health institutions manage departmental data, after which they are able to get and integrate information from differ ent departments and use it to make the working environment more ethical (Hannah et al, 2006). As much as it is beneficial to have an INS among the staff member, it also has financial implications on the health institution. The salary budget of the hospital will go up significantly as an INS earns a salary ranging from USD 69,000 to USD 98,000 (Hannah et al, 2006). There is also a high initial cost of implementing the system, then maintaining and upgrading it. Training the nursing team will also have a cost. However, even with increased expenditure on salaries, there is a long term reduction in operation costs for the institution (Hannah et al, 2006). There will be a reduced cost of managing information systems and the institutions information. Since the INS manages the information, there are enhanced work ethics that contribute to reduced costs related to diagnostic and medical errors. These errors often lead to costly legal actions against the hospital (Hannah et al, 2006). The rol e of the INS impacts positively on the relationship between nursing and other information system departments (ANA, 2001). Armed with both technical and clinical expertise, they are a vital link between the departments and assist in fostering alliances between them (Hein, 1998). They

Star Appliance Company Essay Example for Free

Star Appliance Company Essay The methods that could be used to determine the cost of capital of Star Appliance Company would be to calculate the cost of equity of the company and then using that in finding another discount (hurdle) rate. Being that the currently used discount rate of 10 percent has been used since the company’s first years before the depression it should be recalculated in order to get a more appropriate discount rate in the time of the decision of for the dishwasher, trash compacter, or the food disposal. After increasing the discount rate to a more appropriate percent for the current time, you would then want to reevaluate the net present value of the three proposed investments in order to determine which of the three should be chosen. Now that these values have been recalculated with the newer discount rate, it can be determined that both the dishwasher and the trash compactor would be the best investment decisions for Star Appliance Company. This is because at the higher discount rate, these both still have positive net present values along with a higher internal rate of return than the new discount rate. These would prove best for the company’s investments where as the food disposal would be more costly to the firm. In the second half of the Star Appliance case (B), the given strategies would be in calculating dividend discount model, earnings/price model, and CAPM. Each of these models come about calculating things that are similar but different characteristics of the company can be represented by each different calculation. The current cost of capital that I calculated came to 11. 58%. The investment opportunities are now different than previous years for Star because now they are opening the chance for debt financing where as before they were 100 percent equity financed. It is because of this that they must calculate there newer cost of capital as compared to the original of 10 percent. Also, the investments made in the stock market are different than that of the company because the different betas used will result in different calculations for the stock market and for the company, as well as the various amount of different internal investing opportunities that Star could decide to do would also make for different investments. After going over the different circumstances the projects that Star should except would be the new grain dryer product. Although this project has more risk, the return on the project would be much greater than that of the refrigerator. This is also due to the different cost of capital from the years previous for Star as the more current at the time of the case. With newer investments in long-term debt, it amounts in different costs of capitals to the previous 0 debt 100 percent equity investments.

Processes Innovation And Sustainable Development In Society Commerce Essay

Processes Innovation And Sustainable Development In Society Commerce Essay Propose new ways to manage sustainable development objective for to improve the quality of life on all side, Whether on business in the manufacturing of use of resources it is about new ways to manage sustainable development and environmental resource planning in society. Production of integrated model that promotes innovation in production processes and objectives of Slovenia on social development is to improve the quality of life and welfare of all persons measured by indicators of human development and social risks and sustainable development to include the three aspects. The economic, social and environmental. Linked and interrelated any development project. The third element to consider in this sustainable development is something that far more than just the environment. And so on Innovation technology, sustainability and society Jurgan Dorman [2001] This method is improve sustainability all for society all for society development on to innovation to become more sustainable. The method is how new products and service and can aims to help companies to identify market needs to match their core competence all of these to develop knowledge and innovation in the profession. Encouraging business to innovate to become more sustainable. It aims to help companies to identify market needs to match their core competences, and how new products and services can be developed. by helping to develop social study by young people seeking opportunities to learn to work together. And graduate education to develop knowledge and innovation in the profession but Sustainable innovation climate change mitigation Nelson , New York [1993] To climate change mitigation in natural resources and environment problems that occur because of rapid population increase. The idea is to use the system to for promoting sustainable innovation for climate mitigation is manage natural resources in the form plant communities relative to the climate. Natural resources and environmental problems that occur. Because of rapid population increase. The deterioration of natural resources quickly timely. Essentially relies on a database. Management system. Improve information systems at any time. Convert the area to be effective. Committee has been involved with teaching and learning, as well as GIS GIS application used to manage natural resources in the form of research with many different projects such as application of remote sensing and geographic information system or Sustainability and innovation, learning and Culture change to develop the principle that underpin of innovation effecting cultural change a learning organization need to progression from environmental management to sustainability management. These definitions share a view that long-term economic and social change can only be sustainable and beneficial when safeguarding the natural resources upon which development depends. But this means that managing the trade-off between the three legs of sustainability, is the greatest challenge to capitalist organization behavior .There cannot be a win situation for all of the three spheres of sustainability in the short term only in the long term within the sustainability framework. It is crucial that this area is addressed in the evolution of sustainability management systems organizations must have a solid basis to build their systems on so that the best advantage can be made of learning and evolving beyond the implementation of EMSs as they are currently constructed. Malcolm McIntosh, Bela Arora [2001] 2 Innovation and Sustainability in central Europe Imre Kovcah[2006]- Competition in the business on creative thinking of The direct answer to mind of consumers are product or service development walk next goal is one of the market, And maintain that commitment with the creation of sustainable growth to continue. As well as personal development. All of these are the work of operators to use both science and art of planning. Increasing competitive pressures are strongly associated with globaliszation of economy and economic structures. So, the question is how companies, regions and states are able to face up these pressures and become more competitive within the global economy. It is impossible to build up economy of the Czech Republic on the strategy of low-cost economy profiting from provisionally low input costs (especially low wages). This strategy is menaced by eastern countries with traditional cheap labour force (e.g. China, India) and the Czech Republic must build up its economy on different basis. It is necessary to encourage innovatory ability of companies, increasing quality of human resources, research and new technologies to become more competitive not only within the Europe but also all over the world. All these factors are significant for innovatory economic development within the Czech Republic. So, it is necessary to research the ability of regions within the Czech Republic to absorb or induce innovatory economic development. National innovation policy in modern developed states is one of the most significant and efficiency policies. There are innovation policies formulated not only at the national but also at the regional level in the developed states. Projects and their sources, dynamics, social availability and 3 Sustainable Business Model: Time for innovation Diane Osgood [2009] as these markets develop, their power can be integrated into business models and harnessed to help consumer make smart choices. Heres an illustrative case study :Due to local regulation in New South Wales, Australia, individuals can bundle their validated reduction in carbon emission and sell them on the NSW carbon market. An entrepreneurial company, easy being green, created a business trading energy-efficient light bulbs for individuals carbon credit when the price for carbon was high, this was a nicely profitable business that gave consumer a financial reward for switching to an energy-efficient product. Price volatility in the carbon market caused this pioneering venture to go belly up. Indeed, failure will always be a part of the pioneering landscape, especially when commodities have unstable market support. Creativity in order in order to produce goods and services create new value in it self for success business innovation side and the rigorous process of i nnovation management but 4 Sustainability Management, innovation and entrepreneurship In this method is helping the invention of products, support or protection. Because although the state agency that provide support for any innovation is protected with the idea to create sustainable that is a patented (Patent) with the development to the benefit of the commercial, Protection technology produces, Was instrumental in building alliances, Promoting investment To be set up manufacturing bases in the country and promote investment in research, Improve the quality of products continuously. This will lower the price. Weber [2005] Hà ¼lsmann[2003] a resource management sustainable when supply and consumption of material and imam-terial resources are balanced out. Just like the market is an institution that balances demand and supply; this resource community is the virtual place where resource consumption and supply are balanced out. For businesses this implies two different definitions of success (Hà ¼lsmann 2003): Companies have to be successful in the market (be profitable) and to main-tain their vital resources (be economical). Sustainability and innovation are deeply connected Nick Carlson [2101] In this theory, related to innovation and sustainable improvements and new development to be a good thing for example, manufactures detergent Tide has revealed that. Washing powder in his niche in the hot wash is most effective. Green tiles and glass tiles, glass tiles, the study found that when the new production will help reduce raw material and energy rather than ceramic tiles. The found that enable the development of good quality and economical as well innovation Are deeply connected thats have been developing some things new , and improving old products and products and processes through sustainable design. Furthermore still have been products that reduce raw material and energy waste that small changes shared by large bodied of people of people to commit the most changes in the same way 5 Sustainable innovation organized by the centre for sustainable design Martin Charter Tom Clark, [2007] Sustainable innovation organized by the centre for sustainable design products that have been developing in the median long-term many opportunity in response to market demand to be useful need for implementation in business will have to changes from experiences. The urgency of sustainable innovation is becoming internationally recognized as a vital contribution if not a panacea towards a sustainable future. The economic and business opportunities are also being recognized as immense. There are emerging positive signals of strengthening drivers and activity by governments and business recognition and discussion of the problems, however, is far from universal and recognition does not inevitably lead to a solution. Societies, economies and markets are still a long way from making the necessary changes to create widespread demand for sustainable products and services, and therefore demand for sustainable innovation but Invention and Innovation for sustainable development Although sustainable innovation is the practice of protecting the environment while improving living standards for all, and innovation and innovation is key to its success. Invention and innovation for sustainable development isnt just about developing new technology, but includes new processes and new ways of solving old problems creative despite the fact that people everywhere have an innate ability to be creative, rich country are not doing enough to stimulate and harness invention and creative thinking, and poor country tend to stifle innovation and creativity outright. Invention and innovation for sustainable development sustainable development is for all country, not just developing ones. While rich country need to develop their own impact on the environment, poor country need to develop their own innovation capacity in order to address their own particular needs. Julia Marton Lefever, Chair [2003] 6 Directional Certainty in Sustainability-Oriented Innovation Management Niko Paech [2000] Directional Certainty in Sustainability-Oriented Innovation Management the innovation process requires a different structure are not committed to the optimization its start should be returned to the decision level which the innovation direction Directional certainty then takes on a level of importance which extends beyond mere fine-tuning Therefore, if it is to serve the purpose of sustainable development, a change of course cannot be achieved while the mode of change remains otherwise structurally unchanged. Even innovations meant to be sustainable can have unintended effects, leave scars, and accelerate growth in consumption also Innovation management methods and tools for sustainable product service system Jelsma J(2000) , Mont O (2001) Innovation management method for sustainable product service system in case study is the act introducing something new tangible product and in tangible product create something new tangible product and in tangible product create something new or different from the others based on changes to create an opportunity and must be clear and focus on the development and most importantly, the act must be done innovation has to happen innovation one step. However, innovation in organization all organizations will then be successful most important cause of behavior due to the blocking ability of innovation that is not accepted or are afraid of what will be changed. Therefore important that business must be deal before proceeding with the organization for innovation we should need understand the overall business environment or industry groups that exist at present, which is considered appropriate in terms of the need for change , environment within the enterprise i s ready to innovation in the organization or not whether in terms of funding and personnel but 7 Technological innovation fostering sustainable development: some case study in Belgium. difference and thinking same on paragraph technological innovation fostering sustainable development in case studies, Which are drivers for innovation is however not only based on technology, but also on a dynamic management of human resource and long-term to the evolution of potential markets, case study of sustainable technology that differ from spreading to other technology to compare the distribution of their use of technology to promote innovation to diversify the group of potential adopters because most small organizations are often linked to the global organization of Belgian and Research will be sold to a wide range of products covering a comprehensive new teacher and the problem is depends on the response to external pressures. Environmental protection in a competitive trading standards lead to a new replacement product at the firm level reveal that there is not a single pattern of interactions between market strategy, environmental pressure, innovation process, human resour ce management and the regulatory and political context sustainable development opens opportunities for new products and markets, which are drivers for innovation. Innovation is however not only based on technology, but also on a dynamic management of human resource and a long-term approach to the evolution of potential markets. Gerard Valenduc, Cecile Patris, Francoise Warrant (1997-2001) Sustainable innovation organization and goal finding Bansal P, Roth K. (2000) sustainable innovation organization and goal finding explores the persona of the change agents and leader new in terms of transformational strategies for sustainability in order to identify the people with right set of behaviors as well as to develop the right set of techniques to make the transformation change to sustainability also 8 The role of Nature in Sustainable Innovation (Beaver, 2001) the rule of nature in sustainable innovation it may be noted, to paraphrase Beaver, that over 60% of all economic growth is due to technological advance rather than improvements in labor productivity. Jacobs (2007) The emphasize the importance of design in products and processes and the need to cooperate with partners in long term projects. They focus with partners on sustainable product development, marketing programs, sourcing and supply chains to improve health, social justice and long term prospects in addition to How innovation supports sustainability? Accord how to supports sustainable well define how countries can meet the needs of their people today without compromising those of future generation it has been a guiding principle for world economic development. Dow Cronming [2004] Forum 2009 making sustainable innovation real IXL center [2008] making sustainable innovations real are excellence and leadership will feature leaders in resource efficiency, clean and renewable energy, and sustainable construction and development but however it different with link between sustainability related innovation about thoughts that can be liked in different to be the success of the other industry to adapt to the organization people will be able to link and combine things together should be a person experienced a variety to see. Was faced with the every things that are fairly large and diverse experience is an important feature. For innovation by dint of thinking thoughts that can be linked in different ways, if simple is to learn from the experiences of others, especially from industry and other business but 9 Links between sustainability-related innovation and sustainability management This is because they tend to limit our learning to live, only in industry organizations operate to miss or lose the opportunity to learn and experience. The success of other industries to adapt to the organization people will be able to link and combine things together should be a person experienced a variety to see. Was faced with the very things that are fairly large and diverse experience is an important feature. Marcus Wagner, [2008] Sustainable Innovation and the Prometheus Effect Mark W Mcelroy[2004] sustainable innovation and the Prometheus effect action taken on the basic of knowledge about what work, social and environment related to business and globalization since our prevailing epistemologies legitimize such position by resorting to the same fallacious appeals but Science, Innovation, and Sustainability Chris Hollstedt [1996] Innovation and sustainability of science is to develop and establish goals to conserve the worlds biodiversity, sustainable use of components and the equitable sharing of benefits from the use of genetic also 10 Science, technology and innovation for sustainable development Machael Bordt , juio Miguel Rose and Johnne Boivin[2006] science technology innovation has taken on a multitude of meanings foundations of a more peaceful, prosperous and just world based on the principles of human dignity, equity at the global level are admirable, they are not based on a systematic concept framework that account the functional relationship between its various components. However Volunteer Tourism: Sustainable Innovation in Tourism, or just Pettin the Critters? what is whether of the development is a study of relationship between two volunteer tourism host thats suffering from a lack of affordable health care with minimal access to quality public education and healthy food and drink both are experience the benefit and the challenges of receiving volunteer tourists this is an attempt to illuminate the relationships between and among volunteer tourists Nancy G. Mcgehee[2005] Sustainability Innovation (Student Challenge) University of Michigan[2015] sustainability commitments the Dow chemical company has established the Dow sustainability innovation student challenge award to recognize innovation aligned with companys sustainability goals based on demonstrated academic excellence in the field of sustainability in the same way 11 The Dow sustainability Innovation Student Challenge Dow set important goals improve the environment, health and safety performance of people around the world and was recognized for its achievements strengthening relationships within the communities where Dow operates, continue to improve our product stewardship and innovation to solve the worlds most pressing problems, and reducing our global footprint. The Dow Challenge presents a unique opportunity to recognize outstanding students at the University of Michigan for their innovative ideas in pursuit of sustainability. On behalf of the University of Michigan, the Graham Environmental Sustainability Institute has accepted responsibility for the promotion and management of this program. Noah Wilson Rich[1995] Sustainable Innovation (Drivers and Barriers) Andrew Dearing [1236] Drivers and Barriers sustainability innovation about the link between their own values and those of their customers but there is much more to be done and important lessons to be learned and applied, especially to obtain innovation that addresses the social pillar of sustainable development. There are many ways in which other stakeholders can assist these efforts sustainable development is a metaphor for opportunity and progress as well as a reminder of obligations and uncertainty. It requires a step-change improvement in performance. Merely doing better what we are already doing is not sufficient to meet the needs and aspirations of a growing world population with dignity. At the same time, commercial success depends upon carrying out business in value-creating ways and 12 Sustainability (Driven by innovation) Carsten Beverungen [2009] driven by innovation targeting markets driven by wellness and sustainability their worldwide presence and consumer insight enable us to support our customers in boosting efficiency and in serving target groups that personal well-being and comfort With our throng focus on natural, renewable raw materials, we follow the logic of nature. As a successful company, we seek to play an intergral, proactive role within the wider social environment always showing deep respect for the cultures in which we operate. With our trong focus on natural, renewable raw materials, we follow the logic of nature. Accordingly, they seek to work in harmony with the environment. Their products, concepts and services enable our customers to reduce the ecological impacts of their products and processes but Sustainability Innovation Lab (Engage) In theory, this involves design In order to provide better social and ecological systems. This innovation requires the cooperation of the community. And the actual trial. To develop the resources and the environment in a better way besides different thinking about innovation lab engage focus on a key issue it was clear while this innovation this innovation lab was customized to the dilemma and context of this particular client, the process architecture and manner of hosting are relevant to other largess stakeholder issues seeking to spur innovation and action in a short period of time. Peter Merry and Tatiana Glad[2009] 13 Sustainable Saudi business tourism (SBT) innovation: improving the position of SBT coping with information system Kiss [2004] In theory about the process of tourism development is sustainable. Based on elements of product and service development, these events will vary. Both products. And patterns of service. This will all depend on the environment and the knowledge that it is an advantage in business. Sustainable development will lead to the development of something new and better efficiency. The concept of sustainable development has received attention of academic and government are significant and have contributed significantly. This has resulted in the development of sustainable tourism operators have the opportunity to achieve a high. Sustainable business tourism we study this theory about process sustainable waste components products and service development competition this will instead them in order to at how different products present them smart changes rules if they Dioxide order of magnitude on the other hand, From the editor / why green is growing (when not much else is) also they study about the concept of sustainable tourism development has received attention in academic and government support and is very explicit in a number of policies for sustainable tourism and books document. The discussion of sustainable tourism is often limited to analysis of how to ensure continuity of travel by reducing the negative impacts in other words, it may be pointed out that the concept of sustainable tourism, a lot of about the continuity of tourism than it is about support for the sustainability of tourism. Harper Collins, [2009] 14 Advancing sustainability though change and innovation: A co-evolutionary perspective Coupland, Ehrenfeld[2005] In theory, this will tell the benefits of decisions and the impact of what variations. Such as evolution ,ecological, social and participatory If the service.   How to adjust the social system and ecosystem, can enable a new social norm of the structure and making process decision. Correlated evolution of interacting with a dynamic ecosystem of emergency activities worth empowerment in the country have adapted by developing a high level of science knowledge to solve the problem of the risk of continuing. Environmental risks associated with the distribution.   Society is reflected in new   criteria and procedures relating to the environmental consult around the community. Advancing sustainability through change and innovation that how to adjust between social system and ecosystems can enable a new social norms and processes of decision-making structure of the community evolution relationship to interact with a dynamic ecosystem of emergency activities i n the country have adapted by developing a high level of scientific knowledge around issues, making them toxic to engage in continuing although 15 Innovation system dynamic and sustainable development challenges for policy Dr.Maj Munch Andersen[2004] National Innovation System is a network of institutions in the national economy with activity and interaction between them. National innovation agency recognize the importance of increase competitiveness of national industry with the goal of intervening in the innovation strategy of the industry is restructuring or fundamentals of the industry. Innovation system dynamic social of norms and processes provide innovation planning system to make exchange of knowledge to initiatives to alter the import and innovation of technology to generate new business with higher added values and innovation as an alternative to the strategy that industry. The NIS perspective, this journal has argued, make up a new rational in environmental policymaking, the possible implications of which yet need to be further explored and tried out. At first the NIS approach seems to resemble the IPP (integrated product policy) as promoted by environmental policy in later years. But while both seek to promote company voluntary environmental action however, 16 Education, research innovation for sustainable development education, research and innovation for sustainable development as for global knowledge dissemination, one is left to wonder what policies can be envisaged to help SME to access knowledge that has been publicly promoted, suggested that both competition and co-operative research, to develop a global innovative society, pointed out the importance of Third Level Education for the optimal creation and utilization of science in innovative activities, both for the economy and the society as a source of technological and social innovations .Patrizia Tiberi Vipraio [2007] Education for sustainable development innovations programs in African university UNESCO [2006-2007] We study this theory about the purpose of the UNDESCO to facilitate networking and exchange link. And interaction among stakeholders in ESB, of the quality of the increase of teaching and learning in education for sustainable development, helping the country to make progress and achieve Millennium development goals through ESD. Efforts, and country with new opportunity to incorporate ESD into efforts to reform education. Mainstreaming environment and sustainability into university partnership aims to enhance the quality and policy relevance of university education in through the implementation of environment and sustainability as an underlying topic in diverse curricula and as practice in all other aspects of university life which will benefit the lives and careers of the direct program participants but 17 Sustainable innovation and business schools David Cooperrider [2003] We study this theory about the design is committed to build. Thinking and design skills. Experience into it self designed to introduce the innovation of its own for product development. Idea of the design process and are thought to vary. Depending on who invented the form of such things. Perhaps that is designed to be a problem. This decay is designed to develop the fix came out perfect. To take advantage of products and value products different sustainable innovation in school they believe that faculty in business school everywhere should be engaging in this kind of process, designing for a sustainable world. Management essence all about directing vision and resource toward inspiring the strongest joint performance and achieving the greatest results, in the same way Sustainability innovation in United Kingdom schools Sustainability innovation in United Kingdom school for learning environment learning difficulties, the overriding aim is to create socially progressive and resource efficient designs. The designs should provide inspiration learning environments shaped around people and deliver improved environmental performance in the present, they should also ensure the building has the ability to incorporate further renewable and low carbon solutions in the future, as the economic. Sustainable thinking has played a key role in generating exemplary educational buildings and master plans. Whether an innovative technology academy or a low energy school for students with learning difficulties, the overriding aim is to create socially progressive and resource efficient designs. Its sustainability credentials comprise the following : Passive cooling Thermal mass is extensively used to eliminate the need to install mechanical cooling. Earth tubes To further increase passive cooling, under the school and up through concrete risers, thereby using ground source cooling to temper the air prior to introducing it into the teaching areas. Winter Gardens These are key to passive stack ventilation in summer and reservoirs for heat reclamation in winter. Orientation The building is designed to catch low angle sunlight in walkways where it can be captured and reused through central air handling units with heat exchangers, while avoiding summer sun angles and overheating. Classrooms predominantly face north to minimise the use of blinds and maximise the quality and quantity of daylight. Head, W. and R. Buckingham[2009] 18 Innovation and sustainability : empirical influences of environmental management on corporate RD in Europe Albrecht ,J [1998] empirical influences of environmental management on corporate in Europe environmental management system and particular manger activity to reduce negative environment impacts have a positive influence on the probability of firms to carry out environment innovation, short environmental innovation in order to avoid a common issue with empirical on the other hand, Knowledge, innovation and sustainability the implementation of voluntary environmental policy in Greece: the case of environmental management system Radaelli, 2004; Boorze Risse [2000] for example this case study of environmental management system the implementation of environmental management systems for both enterprise and city level there new tools are considered to be crucial instruments for sustainable development and ecological modernization strategy, because they support ecological efficiency and innovation the implementation of EMS and the adoption of innovative technology can help the reduction of emissions, the saving of energy and water and the environmental awareness of the public 19 Sustainability innovation cube A framework to evaluate sustainability of products innovations Erik G. Hansen [1987] sustainability innovation a framework evaluate sustainability of product innovations introducing the concept of sustainability-oriented innovation they highlighted the fact that objective evaluation methods for defining sustainability-related innovations do currently not exist due to the multidimensionality of sustainability. Instead, SOI are innovations which are individually perceived as adding positive value to sustainable developmen