Fair Value Reporting Advantages and Disadvantages

Fair Value Reporting Advantages and Disadvantages Discuss the pros and cons of fair value reporting for investors? Why has this trend emerged, and how does asset value volatility seen during and since the Global Financial Crisis effect your views on this? There have been many debates in previous decades amongst the investors, users of the financial statements, on whether fair value accounting is worth being used. According to IFRS 13, fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (ACCA, 2016). Usage of fair value has advantages, however, it has disadvantages as well. This essay will discuss how fair value is more advantageous than disadvantageous and how it is carried out. It will also examine how fair value led Lehman Brothers, an American investment bank, into bankruptcy during the global financial crisis and why the trend of fair value has emerged in the recent decades. As historical cost loses relevance with the passing of time, it is more appropriate to use fair value reporting as it considers current market prices and conditions. This provides investors with the most relevant estimates of the value of business (Gjorgieva-Trajkovska et al., 2016), and timely information which is important for making investing decisions (McEnally, 2007). Penman (2007) states that fair value accounting reports assets and liabilities through an economists view and therefore reports economic income the change in fair value of net assets on the balance sheet. This is of interest to investors as they can make predictions of future earnings based on current information (Marra, 2016). On the other hand, Sundgren (2013) claims that there will also be fluctuations in fair values, leading to uncertainty of future inflows. Although this poses a disadvantage towards certain stakeholders, it is helpful to investors as high fluctuations could indicate high risk, which may rewar d them with high returns. Another advantage of fair value reporting is the reliability and transparency of the method. More transparency means that the investors are able to get an insight into the real value of the company. This allows investors to make more informed decisions that will benefit the business (Bigelow, n.d.). Fair value reporting is reliable as it can be checked in hindsight from available information about current and past market prices (Betakova et al., 2014). This is beneficial for the investors as it means that they can be confident that their decisions are correct and that the finances of the business will not suddenly change. Bubble prices can be an issue for investors as it may mislead them into making poor investing decisions. There is plenty of empirical evidence to show that bubble prices exist (Ryan, 2008). These price bubbles, according to Penman (2007), are introduced into financial statements through the usage of fair value accounting. He goes on to say that this causes bubble gains to reflect on the income statement, and these may, falsely, show the company as being healthy which could lull investors into a false sense of security. These bubbles also result in the investor receiving ineffective financial statements which will impair their decision making. An example of this would be where investors pay prices that far exceed their own valuation (Scheinkman and Xiong, 2003). This would make it tough for investors to earn a reasonable return on their investments. However, the research fails to consider the difficulties locating price bubbles or how investors can prevent themselves from being misled . It also fails to consider that bubble prices show the current trading price, albeit inflated, and therefore show the true value of the investment according to current prices. When there is illiquidity in a market, fair value is called mark to model accounting. Ball (2006) explains that when this occurs, market prices are not accurate as firms try to find an approximate value for the assets. He continues by stating that this can let managers easily manipulate values according to their own preferences affecting the reliability of financial statements. Betakova et al. (2014), argues that measurement procedures of fair value create loopholes and this means that prices can be written as vastly different from what they really are, which again allows manipulation. The fair value of assets and liabilities is derived from the 3 level hierarchy of inputs. According to IFRS 13, the highest priority is given to level 1 inputs the quoted price of assets and liabilities that are traded in the active market. Laux et al. (2010) state that assets or liabilities should be marked to market, which means that the quoted price has to be used to determine its fair value as it is the best approximation of how much an asset would be sold for (Magnan, 2009). IFRS also emphasises that the price to be used has to be those of an orderly transaction to ensure that it is not a forced transaction in order to maintain its representability. An example of level 1 valuation would be listed stocks or bonds. In cases where an asset does not have an active market, level 2 fair value measurement should be used. This is when the valuation inputs are directly or indirectly observable but do not fall under Level 1 (Magnan, 2009). Level 2 inputs, the net replacement cost, includ e quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active or non-active markets, and other relevant market data like the yield curves (Sundgren, 2013). For example, Petrobras issued a bond which is not traded. However, if there is an active market for a Valero Energy bond that is similar, the price of the Valero Energy bond can be used as level 2 input to value the Petrobras bond. Finally, the least priority is given to level 3 inputs, which are unobservable inputs. It is the least accurate as it is based on model assumptions. An example of level 3 measurement is when there is no observable input to value the Petrobras bond, then the value of the bond can be estimated by discounting its future cash flows. As a result, the reliability is reduced due to the subjectivity of the discount rate. Fair value is argued to be more appropriate, compared to historical cost, when level 1 valuation is used as it only allows minimal manipulation. However, during 2008, many companies overvalued t heir assets by using the level 3 measurement, contributing to the global financial crisis. Furthermore, there is an advantage in valuing certain assets using historical cost over fair value, like property, plant and equipment. This is because historical cost results in a more consistent calculation of depreciation. Moreover, under fair value, assets would need to be revalued frequently due to changing market conditions and this would impose additional costs to the organisation (Christensen and Nikolaev, 2013). Fair value was a dominant force in the financial crisis and exacerbated its severity (Cai-xia and Chi, 2010). Huizinga and Laeven (2009) note that fair value is procyclical and therefore intensifies the phases in the economic cycle. They expressed that banks were materially impacted due to the contrast between market and book values. Lehman Brothers was an American investment bank, founded in 1850, and was the fourth-largest investment bank in the United States. Its bankruptcy in 2008 was a prominent event in magnifying the repercussion of the financial crisis (Acharya and Richardson, 2009). One of the pivotal reasons for this collapse was due to the high leveraging (Lehner, 2016). Lehman disguised this from stakeholders by utilising fair value accounting and creative accountancy. The incentive behind such manipulations would be the benefit pressurised managers derive by camouflaging vulnerabilities in the organisation. This is proved by the movement of the leveraging ratio from 23.7 :1 in 2003 to 30.7:1 in 2007 (SEC Info, 2007) which signifies a high level of risk to investors. In addition, Azadinamin (2012) mentions that accounting standards, due to their defects, enable management to misrepresent financial information for momentary monetary rewards. He states further that Lehman window dressed the financial statements, using fair value, to present healthy looking balance sheets which assisted in concealing a major complication negative cash flows. Magnan (2009) states that As of November 30, 2007, 75.1% of assets measured at fair value were measured according to level 2 or level 3 inputs. This indicates that Lehman generally did not use the more reliable level 1 values. In addition, the proportion of assets valued using level 2 or 3 increased to 81.7% the following year. This shows the speed at which reliability in the accounting method was reduced. It is backed up by the empirical evidence provided by Magnan which shows that the movement from level 1 to lev els 2 and 3 was done intentionally so that they were able to report assets too highly and hide losses. He goes on to explain that fair value provides beneficial information to investors when assets trade in deep and efficient markets but are less useful when the markets are less liquid. One of the key reasons for the fall was the lack of liquidity caused by banks securing themselves, due to the financial crisis, by asking Lehman to pay off their debts. In addition, even though Lehman had a huge asset base, they lacked assets which could quickly be sold for cash (Brunnermeier, 2009). Apart from the ongoing financial crisis, another aspect that increased the speed of the collapse was the unrealised gains and losses brought about by the usage of fair value accounting (Magnan, 2009). For example, Hughes (2008) mentions that Lehman Brothers showed a $400m gain from fair-valuing its own liabilities. As no other firm wished to buy Lehman, in its state at the time, they declared bankruptcy on the 15th of September 2008 and this was quoted as the largest bankruptcy in the history of the United States (Mamudi, 2008). Therefore, fair value accounting without adequate additional disclosure is neither fair nor a good reflection of the value that is at risk (Magnan, 2009). To summarise, whilst relevance and reliability are the primary qualities of the usefulness of a financial report, there is a constant debate on the trade-off between these qualities when fair value measurement is adopted. Fair value is known to be relevant as it uses the current market price, however, it sacrifices its reliability as level 2 and level 3 inputs are used. The value of relevance and reliability is equally important because relevant information that has no reliability would mean nothing to the investors (Sing and Meng, 2005). In contrast, Hitz (2007) notes that fair value would be reliable if there was an actively traded market but the problem arises when there is not. He also remarks that usage of historical cost is falling whereas fair value accounting is on the rise. The reason for this is because fair value provides more timely and comparable information than amounts that would be reported under other alternative accounting approaches (Laux and Leuz, 2009). Furthermo re, they add to this by saying that fair value accounting recognises losses earlier than other methods of accounting and this makes it much more difficult to hide problems in the corporation which, if left to grow, would make crises more severe. However, we have seen that even through the use of fair value accounting, as in the case of Lehman Brothers, fair value accounting was a significant player behind the crisis of 2008. Wallison (2008) argues that fair value causes instability among financial institutions, although the title of the journal suggests that he would be taking a biased stance towards the topic. Moreover, the usage of fair value accounting causes volatility due to constantly changing prices. This concerned banks during the financial crisis due to the enormous write-downs caused by falling asset prices. However, Enria et al. (2004) argue that volatility provides information to investors regarding the risks of their investment. We believe that solely utilising fair val ue has pitfalls and therefore companies should adopt an integration between historical cost and fair value to eliminate the weaknesses of each. Nonetheless, we conclude that investors still prefer fair value accounting despite the disadvantages and the trade-off because it represents the true economic condition of assets and liabilities. References: ACCA, 2016. A framework for determining fair value? [Online]. Available from: http://www.accaglobal.com/gb/en/student/exam-support-resources/professional-exams-study-resources/p2/technical-articles/ifrs13.html [Accessed 08/03/17] Acharya, V.V. and Richardson, M., 2009. Causes of the financial crisis. Critical Review, 21(2-3), pp.195-210. Azadinamin, A., 2012. The bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers: Causes of Failure recommendations going forward. Swiss Management Center. Ball, R., 2006. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS): pros and cons for investors. Accounting and business research, 36(sup1), pp.5-27. Betakova, J., Hrazdilova-Bockova, K. and Skoda, M., 2014. Fair value usefulness in financial statements. DAAAM International Scientific Book, pp.433-448. Bigelow, L. The Advantages Of Fair Value Vs. The Equity Method. The Finance Base. Available from: http://thefinancebase.com/advantages-fair-value-vs-equity-method-3255.html [Accesses 02/03/2017] Brunnermeier, M.K., 2009. Deciphering the liquidity and credit crunch 2007-2008. The Journal of economic perspectives, 23(1), pp.77-100. Cai-xia, H.E. and Chi, Z.H.A.N.G., 2010. Fair value accounting under financial crisis. Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, 6(6), p.59. Christensen, H.B. and Nikolaev, V.V., 2013. Does fair value accounting for non-financial assets pass the market test?. Review of Accounting Studies, 18(3), pp.734-775. Enria, A., Cappiello, L., Dierick, F., Grittini, S., Haralambous, A., Maddaloni, A., Molitor, P.A., Pires, F. and Poloni, P., 2004. Fair value accounting and financial stability. Hitz, J.M., 2007. The decision usefulness of fair value accounting-a theoretical perspective. European Accounting Review, 16(2), pp.323-362. Hughes, J., 2008. Fair value can flatter to deceive on your own debt. Financial Times, 24(07), p.2008. Huizinga, H. and Laeven, L., 2009. Accounting discretion of banks during a financial crisis. Laux, C. and Leuz, C., 2010. Did fair-value accounting contribute to the financial crisis?. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(1), pp.93-118. Lehner, O.M. ed., 2016. Routledge Handbook of Social and Sustainable Finance. Routledge. Magnan, M.L., 2009. Fair value accounting and the financial crisis: messenger or contributor?. Accounting Perspectives, 8(3), pp.189-213.. Mamudi, S. 2008. Lehman folds with record $613 billion debt [Online]. New York: Market Watch. Available from: http://www.marketwatch.com/story/lehman-folds-with-record-613-billion-debt [Accessed 08/03/2017]. Marra, A., 2016. The Pros and Cons of Fair Value Accounting in a Globalized Economy: A Never Ending Debate. Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance, 31(4), pp.582-591. McEnally, R., 2007. Fair Value Financial Reporting. CFA Magazine, 18(1), pp.25-26. Penman, S.H., 2007. Financial reporting quality: is fair value a plus or a minus?. Accounting and business research, 37(sup1), pp.33-44. Ryan, S.G., 2008. Fair value accounting: Understanding the issues raised by the credit crunch. Council of Institutional Investors, (July, 2008), pp.1-24. Scheinkman, J.A. and Xiong, W., 2003. Overconfidence and speculative bubbles. Journal of political Economy, 111(6), pp.1183-1220. Sing, T.Y. and Meng, S.C., 2005. Fair value accounting-relevance, reliability and progress in Malaysia. University College Sedeya International. Sundgren, S., 2013. Is fair value accounting really fair? A discussion of pros and cons with fair value measurement. The Finnish Journal of Business Economics, 62(3-4), pp.242-250. Trajkovska, O.G., Temjanovski, R. and Koleva, B., 2016. FAIR VALUE ACCOUNTING-PROS AND CONS. Journal of Economics, 1(2). Wallison, P.J., 2008. Fair value accounting: A critique. Financial Services Outlook. LEARNING LOG SUMMARY (maximum 1 page using Aerial 12-point with at least 1cm margins) Suggested content: What did you learn from the assignment both technically and in terms of working together as a group? We learnt about what caused the global financial crisis to occur and the impact it had on various financial institutions We gained a deeper understanding on the faults in fair value accounting which also shows why historical cost was so prevalent We learnt how to allocate work between the members of the group as well as set realistic deadlines What strategy as a group did you follow in tackling the assignment task? Making sure everyone was involved in writing each paragraph so that we received various different viewpoints Having frequent meetings and discussions in order to compare our research and decide on which points we should include within our paragraphs What problems did you face and how did you overcome them? Understanding what was required of the question. We overcame this ask question to the lecturer and finding out, through research, about other topics that could be included in each paragraph What went well? Coordination was good since we kept in touch with each other frequently Everyone kept to their deadlines and provided what was required of them when needed What, in retrospect, would you have done differently, why and how? In the beginning we took time to assign research topics and research took a while as we were all new to it. However, later on we were able to increase the pace as we became more proficient. If, however, we had been able to start off at this pace, the work would have been more evenly distributed over the weeks rather than being skewed towards the deadline Where did you locate most of your sources? Google University of Bath library Google Scholar LOG OF GROUP MEETINGS (complete a maximum of 1 page for each meeting) Meeting 1 Date of Meeting 23 Feb 2017 (Thursday) Attendees Ben Maitland Kylie Siow Gavriella Kafkalia Sidharth Ranjith Name of Absentees Agenda and tasks completed Decide on days of meeting every week (Tentatively Tuesday 1-2pm Friday 12.30-2pm) Talked about the structure of the essay Agreed items Structure of Essay Introduction Pros and Cons of FV 3rd of March How its carried out 10th March Example of FV during Financial Crisis 10th March Conclusion Tasks to be completed by next meeting Find points for pros and cons of fair value Date of next meeting 28 Feb 2017 (Tuesday) Meeting 2 Date of Meeting 28 Feb 2017 (Tuesday) Attendees Ben Maitland Kylie Siow Gavriella Kafkalia Sidharth Ranjith Name of Absentees Agenda, items agreed on and tasks completed Allocation of points for the first paragraph pros and cons of fair value accounting to investors Tasks to be completed by next meeting Full paragraph of pros and cons of fair value Date of next meeting 3 March 2017 (Friday) Meeting 3 Date of Meeting 3 March 2017 (Friday) Attendees Ben Maitland Kylie Siow Gavriella Kafkalia Sidharth Ranjith Name of Absentees Agenda and tasks completed Compiled the first paragraph Talk about the next 2 points Global financial crisis How fair value is carried out Allocate points to each person Tasks to be completed by next meeting Find points for the financial crisis and how fair value is carried out Date of next meeting 7 March 2017 (Tuesday) Meeting 4 Date of Meeting 7 March 2017 (Tuesday) Attendees Ben Maitland Kylie Siow Gavriella Kafkalia Sidharth Ranjith Name of Absentees Agenda and tasks completed Choose which points to write about and discuss how to evaluate it. Tasks to be completed by next meeting Finish the paragraphs how FV is carried out and the example during financial crisis Date of next meeting 10 March 2017 (Friday) Meeting 5 Date of Meeting 9 March 2017 (Thursday) Attendees Ben Maitland Kylie Siow Gavriella Kafkalia Sidharth Ranjith Name of Absentees Agenda and tasks completed Completed all body paragraphs Tasks to be completed by next meeting Introduction and Conclusion Date of next meeting 14 March 2017 (Tuesday) Meeting 6 Date of Meeting 15 March 2017 (Wednesday) Attendees Kylie Siow Gavriella Kafkalia Sidharth Ranjith Name of Absentees Ben Maitland (However did send his share of the work by e-mail) Agenda and tasks completed Completed introduction and draft for conclusion Tasks to be completed by next meeting Complete full paragraph for conclusion and make some changes for body paragraphs Date of next meeting 16 March 2017 (Thursday) Meeting 7 Date of Meeting 16 March 2017 (Thursday) Attendees Kylie Siow Gavriella Kafkalia Sidharth Ranjith Name of Absentees Ben Maitland (However did send his share of the work by e-mail) Agenda and tasks completed Worked on conclusion Date of next meeting 18 March 2017 (Saturday) Meeting 8 Date of Meeting 18 March 2017 (Saturday) Attendees Ben Maitland Kylie Siow Gavriella Kafkalia Sidharth Ranjith Name of Absentees Agenda and tasks completed Made some changes to body paragraphs Finalised the whole essay

Blackened Soul :: essays research papers

America is said to be the land of opportunity, the land of freedom. Much of that freedom is used for expression, which most of it comes from writing. Many great writers have been a part of our history, sharing their creative thoughts, ideas, and opinions with everyone. Nathaniel Hawthorne and Edgar Allen Poe are two writers who come to mind. In his stories, such as â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Hawthorne shows how he believes that man is always living in denial of their true condition, and that pride keeps them separated from everyone, including God. Poe, on the other hand, expresses his ideas of mankind in a slightly different way. In two of his pieces, â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Black Cat,† Poe explains in a dark manner how humans have a conscience with two sides, the â€Å"life instinct† and the â€Å"death instinct.† Seeking to do violence is what the so-called â€Å"death instinctà ¢â‚¬  does, and Poe was the first to ever believe this. Both authors have attempted to describe the darker side of human nature. Many questions arise when reading Poe and Hawthorne’s pieces, most of which can only be answered through analysis. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s story â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† is a great example of humankind’s struggle with evil. This story revolves around pride, which is an inherent evil of humans, as Hawthorne believed. The black veil worn by Reverend Hooper represents the evil of humans, which essentially separates people from everyone, including God. Hooper decides to teach the people this very fact by wearing a black veil over his face. To show the people that they are prideful and sinful becomes a trickier task than he believed. The people responded in a frightened manner, such as Goodman Gray who, on page 104, cried, â€Å"Our parson has gone mad!† This clearly shows that Gray, along with the other people, missed Hooper’s point in wearing the black veil. But the congregation wasn’t alone in their misinterpretations, and soon Hooper realizes that he needs to be taught himself, so he believes that he must wear the veil for the rest of his life . He realizes his mistake when, on page 107, it says, â€Å" At that instant, catching a glimpse of his figure in the looking glass, the black veil involved his own spirit in the horror with which it overwhelmed all others.† He finally realizes he is just like the rest when he noticed his reflection with the veil covering his face. Blackened Soul :: essays research papers America is said to be the land of opportunity, the land of freedom. Much of that freedom is used for expression, which most of it comes from writing. Many great writers have been a part of our history, sharing their creative thoughts, ideas, and opinions with everyone. Nathaniel Hawthorne and Edgar Allen Poe are two writers who come to mind. In his stories, such as â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Hawthorne shows how he believes that man is always living in denial of their true condition, and that pride keeps them separated from everyone, including God. Poe, on the other hand, expresses his ideas of mankind in a slightly different way. In two of his pieces, â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Black Cat,† Poe explains in a dark manner how humans have a conscience with two sides, the â€Å"life instinct† and the â€Å"death instinct.† Seeking to do violence is what the so-called â€Å"death instinctà ¢â‚¬  does, and Poe was the first to ever believe this. Both authors have attempted to describe the darker side of human nature. Many questions arise when reading Poe and Hawthorne’s pieces, most of which can only be answered through analysis. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s story â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† is a great example of humankind’s struggle with evil. This story revolves around pride, which is an inherent evil of humans, as Hawthorne believed. The black veil worn by Reverend Hooper represents the evil of humans, which essentially separates people from everyone, including God. Hooper decides to teach the people this very fact by wearing a black veil over his face. To show the people that they are prideful and sinful becomes a trickier task than he believed. The people responded in a frightened manner, such as Goodman Gray who, on page 104, cried, â€Å"Our parson has gone mad!† This clearly shows that Gray, along with the other people, missed Hooper’s point in wearing the black veil. But the congregation wasn’t alone in their misinterpretations, and soon Hooper realizes that he needs to be taught himself, so he believes that he must wear the veil for the rest of his life . He realizes his mistake when, on page 107, it says, â€Å" At that instant, catching a glimpse of his figure in the looking glass, the black veil involved his own spirit in the horror with which it overwhelmed all others.† He finally realizes he is just like the rest when he noticed his reflection with the veil covering his face.

Deconstruction of an Advertisement Essay

Each day we are inundated with thousands of advertisements which contribute to shaping and defining our world views. As a capitalist society ads are crucial to attract the attention of the consumer. They are everywhere, whether it be a billboard, a commercial or a radio announcement, advertising reaches out and touches almost everyone living in our modern world. The effectiveness of an advertisement campaign has a huge influence on the purchaser. Ads are carefully constructed to appeal to the consumer in order to sell a product and to make a profit. An effective ad appeals to the emotion of the consumer as â€Å"80% of decisions are influenced by â€Å"dormant† emotions in the subconscious. †(†¦ ) through the ingenious construction of ad campaigns a consumers purchases are greatly influenced. The CK one ad campaign for the Calvin Klein brand is an excellent of the example of the thought and assembly needed in order to create an effective advertisement. Through the deconstruction of the CK one ad found in the April 2011 issue of Elle Canada it will be shown why the ad was created, how it’s used to grab the attention of its target audiences, and the use of hidden messages and social issues that are being expressed. The target audience of the CK One ad is clearly directed towards women as it appears in a magazine called Elle! Elle Canada has a 90% female readership (†¦ ) whose ages generally range from a younger segment to a middle segment (18 to 34 and 35 to 54). Elle Canada has a large age demographic due to the fact that their articles encompass a broad audience and the magazine contains ads that focus on the younger market as well as advertisements focusing on middle aged women. Although Elle Canada has a large readership age range, the CK One ad seems to be targeting more directly the 18-24 and 24-35 age range. The advertisement incorporates a focus on social media and a ‘rebellious’ look which is often directed towards the younger market. Young people who are still questioning authority and who are still defining themselves will see the dark eye makeup and lassiez-fair ‘detached’ attitude of the model and feel attracted to the ad. Furthermore the ads target audience is aimed towards 18-34 year olds because it uses ‘technology’ to capture the audiences attention. The model is ‘trapped’ in the CK One box and in order to get in the box, the bottom left hand corner of the ad tells you that you can â€Å"Download the App at CKONE. COM†. The ad is definitely towards the 18-34 age group because ‘getting in the CK box’ with a rebellious young woman is ridiculous notion unless you’re a young person with very little responsibility. Finally, although the spending power of the older age groups is greater (Diversity: Targeting the Ever-Changing Marketplace, p35) it is trendy to market to and advertisers remain youth obsessed. The targeted income level for this advertisement seems to be for those from the middle-middle, or upper-middle class. Calvin Klein is an iconic American brand that is moderately expensive and is featured in respected magazines. The median income of and Elle Canada reader is around $70 000 (†¦ ) therefore is it logical to assume that Calvin Kline is directing its ads at those who are willing to spend a little more. This advertisement would also be directed towards the Emulator-Achiever or Emulator groups. Emulators are young and impressionable people who will buy products to help them fit in (Duncan, p75). Emulators would be attracted to this ad because it offers the chance to fit in and join the CK One box; all you have to do is download the app! On another note, this ad would also be directed towards Emulator-Achievers because this group feels more comfortable with uptown brands such as Tiffany, Gucci or Stella Mcarthy and Calvin Klein is a very well known and respected American Brand. This brand offers prestige and it fits in with typical ideas of American wealth. Finally it appears that this advertisement is slightly more targeted for Caucasian’s. The model is Caucasian and there isn’t a single background model or object indicating the inclusion of any other racial groups. Although minorities represent a huge market and are predicted to exceed 1. 5 trillion in buying power, ( Diversity: targeting the ever changing market) Calvin Klein still uses mainly Caucasian models. Despite the fact that the ad features a white woman it could still be directed to a variety of racial groups because the model doesn’t necessarily represent a stereotypical white american girl; almost anyone can be a rebellious youth regardless of your ethnicity. Although her beauty and figure represent the social ideal her ebellious look is not necessarily the ‘norm’ and therefore enables more people to relate to it. Determining the target audience enables us to better interpret and understand the construction of an advertisement. Based on a target market, advertisers use eight main elements to create an ad that speaks to the heart. Ads that create emotional appeal are based on these eight elements; models, setting, copy, sound, color, point of view and details (Dun can, p77). In terms of the CK One ad, the model that was chosen was a young white attractive looking female. The model is in black lingerie and she is in a sexual pose. There is a hyper-sexualization of the model as her cleavage is very prominent and being pushed up against her bra. The models hair and makeup are messy with a ‘bed head’ look which suggest rebelliousness and late night partying which is considered both fun and exciting. Finally the facial expression of the model suggests a sexual and confident attitude. More over the model is very slim and her skin is flawless, her face is clear and her hair is blonde. The ‘perfection’ of the models skin and face reflect the ideals of society. Despite the models dark makeup and ‘bed head’ look she is our societies ideal with her blonde hair and beautiful figure. These ideals that the ad is promoting are completely unrealistic for the average female and it creates body image issues and warps both female and males idea about what an average person should look like. Furthermore through the continual use of impossibly beautiful models our society becomes body obsessed and through this many women and men experience body image issues. The CK One ad has been specifically and ingeniously positioned to promote the preferred reading. Most notable is the is the models physical position within the ad; her body, more specifically her cleavage, is framed between her hands which are pressed against the screen. The positioning of the models hands also frames the word, fuck, which has been discreetly positioned within the ad. The F is seen by the table which is cut off by the models buttocks, the U is seen in the models cleavage and the CK is to the right of the model, at chest level. Furthermore, through the technical code of camera angles the model is close-up with a slight low angle. These technical codes suggest power and intimacy with the model. The Ck One ad could be promoting their products by relating the suggested feelings of power and sexuality with the purchase of the product. The oppositional reading who be through a critical point of view that it is impossible to obtain any type of lasting feeling with a purchase of a material item. As for the captions, they are the only thing that has any coloring which draws attention to them. The most noticeable caption in big bold lettering that says CK One _Jeans_Underwear_Fragrance_ which is right next to the models cleavage. This caption is necessary to inform the reader what is being advertised because the model is only wearing plain black underwear it would be likely to assume that it was the only product. On the bottom left-hand corner of the Ad is says â€Å"Get in the CKONE box >>Download the app at CKONE. com† this caption really allows us to tie in the key concepts of the ad. The Calvin Klein ad also employs a font that ads to the incorporation of digital media. Lastly the fifth line of writing on the bottom left-hand corner says â€Å"Scan Ad to Reveal More† which could be referring to the hidden message (the word fuck) within the ad. Through the captions is it’s very clear that this Calvin Klein ad is trying to incorporate digital media and sex with the purchase of there products. In terms of the coloring of the advertisement, it is very unique because it supposed to represent screen to a computer or gaming device. The coloring is mostly black and white apart from the bright green which is used to draw attention to the captions. The color green is generally a calming color which represents wealth and well-being however it can also be used to symbolize envy or jealousy. The use of green indicates that Calvin Klein is a desired brand. Furthermore the green coloring is also placed just above the models forehead, this use of specific placement of the color could indicate 1st level cropping in which a models forehead is removed. By covering the top part of the models head with a different color advertisers objectify the model and remove any signs of her intelligence. On another note, the lighting that is used is artificial however it ties in with the setting. The setting is white relatively bare room, which is the ‘Ck One box’. The only furnishings are a stool, a table, two wooden boxes and game console. There is also a door with a visible knob; this indicates that the model is trapped in the ‘box’, however it is an exclusive place that you can get into- if you purchase the product and download the app. However this is where the oppositional reading come in; through the download of an ‘app‘ you will not enter the Ck one box you will not become a gorgeous model. The Ck One ad is trying to promote digital media therefore the bare setting could be used to represent whats behind your screen when you download the app. The limited settings also enable us to focus more closely on the model and the attitude she is giving. Gender representation also plays a key role the preferred reading of this Ad. Although the model is selling lingerie there is an irrelevant sexualization of the model ( Duncan, p. 46) The bra and panties that are being advertised are relatively plain and not the focal point of the ad; instead the ad is marketing the models body. The models cleavage is pouring out of her bra which actually distracts the audience from the bra itself, instead readers are led to believe that this lingerie will help them have the ‘perfect’ body. Furthermore, as mentioned previously, the ad also includes dismemberment. The presence of the green color above the models forehead which suggests objectification. Also the models legs are cut off below the knee which causes the reader to mostly focus on the core body of the model. This greatly objectives the model and females as a whole in advertising. Furthermore, there is also a bit of clowning present because majority of people do not stand in such a contorted position as the stance of the model. Although the model isn’t necessarily in a foolish or silly position her stance certainly is unnecessarily contorted in order to appear more sexual. These gender representations lead to the final conclusion that women are sexual objects to be looked at and played with (Duncan p. 48) All the elements used to construct the ad lead us to the general meaning of the ad: Sex. The meaning is so clear that it is even explicitly written within the ad. The models ‘look’ establishes the preferred reading. The preferred interpretation is that through the purchase of the CK One clothing line you will gain confidence and become sexually appealing while being fun and rebellious. Advertisers use body obsession and female insecurities to help sell products because through the preferred reading consumers believe that will look like the model through the purchase of the product (Duncan p14-15). This leads to us the oppositional reading, it is completely impossible and unrealistic to think that through the purchase of a product you will automatically you will automatically become beautiful and sexualy appealing. The reality is that most photographs of models have been retouched and realistically even the models don’t look as good in real life. Calvin Klein has always used a variety of controversial ads ranging from pictures of a half-naked Kate Moss to an ad featuring young children wearing only Calvin Klein underwear. Shock advertising is used in order to generate more press and more profits. The Ck One is not an exception with its use of the subliminal message featuring the word fuck it is a clear example of shock advertising. Ultimately the theme of the ad comes down to rebellious sex. The CK One ad uses a variety of different elements in order to sell its products. First it employs the use of stereotypical gender representations. Although the model is in a ‘powerful’ position as she is staring directly at the camera and looking slightly downwards, she still in an overly sexual stance with very little clothes on. The models brain has been covered with a different color giving off the impression that she is laking intelligence. The model is beautiful and has a ‘perfect’ body. The advertisers played upon female insecurities and there desire for perfection in order to attract customers and make a profit. Another aspect that the advertisers used to attract attention to the ad was the rebellious look and the incorporation of digital media. The ad gives false promises that through the purchase of Calvin Klein clothing you will be a sexy, young rebel who fits in to the CK One box. Consumers should alway be aware of the image a brand is trying to portray and the affect it has on its target audience. Advertisers are trying to sell a message and our consumer society should be aware of how the advertisements shape and impact our everyday lives.

The Human And Social Consequences Of Trafficking - 3089 Words

‘The human and social consequences of trafficking are compelling. From physical abuse and torture of victims to the psychological and emotional trauma†¦ the impact on individuals and society is clearly destructive and unacceptable’ (UN.GIFT, 2008). This suggests that controlling human trafficking and protecting victims who have experienced traumatic events that are associated with being trafficked should be the priority for government officials nationwide. This however has only recently become the case for some select countries around the world. Estimating the global scope of human trafficking is extremely difficult due to factors which will be discussed throughout this assignment however trafficking does affect most countries around the world. It is estimated that between 600,000 and 800,000 people are trafficked across international borders each year with 50% of these individuals being children (Stop the Traffik, 2014). Additionally the revenue gained from human t rafficking annually is only exceeded by drug trafficking and it is classified as one of the most lucrative forms of international crime in modernity (Egan, 2008). These statistics portray that fighting human trafficking needs to be a priority for all countries globally. In order to adequately control trafficking and provide support for victims it may be essential to look at personal troubles experienced by both traffickers and victims in order to tackle the larger public issue of trafficking itself. This relates toShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Human Trafficking1439 Words   |  6 Pages Though it may be receiving more attention in recent years, it could be argued that the complete magnitude of human trafficking is still not fully comprehended. Professor of Epidemiology, Rezaeian Mohsen, has stated that, â€Å"The ultimate intention of human trafficking is to give illegitimate power to a human being in order to force another human being to be a subject of modern slavery i.e. prostitution, sexual exploitation, forced labor, slavery, etc.† (Mohsen, 2016, p.36). This type of illegitimateRead MoreCambodi The Khmer Empire1564 Words   |  7 Pagesof this nation has poverties it for its people and its current individual economical service, forcing some individual to resolute into trafficking and disruption of its younger generation to other nations by illegal means. By demonstrating the current and previous events that have transcended this nation and its people into using illegal means of disruption of humans for economic value, we can analyze current and future m eans of stopping this disgusting act constantly occurring in this area. This analysisRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is A Problem Within The U.s. Essay1617 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Trafficking Human Trafficking is a problem within the U.S. and Globally. Human trafficking is the trade of humans, most commonly for sexual slavery, forced labor, or commercial sexual exploitation for the trafficker or others. This may involve providing a spouse in the context of forced marriage, or the withdrawal of organs or tissues, including for replacement and ova removal. Human trafficking can occur within a country or trans-nationally. Human trafficking is a crime against the personRead MoreThe Unjust Trade And Enslavement Of Human Beings927 Words   |  4 Pagesenslavement of human beings is known as human trafficking. Traffic victims are most times compelled to sell their freedom, and are subject to coercive subjugation. Human trafficking occurs throughout the United States and globally. Trafficking of person is driven by high profits and low risk, as traffickers generate billions of dollars yearly, and a low chance of the activities of traffickers been discovered by appropriate autho rities. Trafficking of humans ultimately has grave consequences on it victimsRead MoreHuman Trafficking587 Words   |  3 PagesHuman Trafficking Human trafficking is a major problem in the world that I am passionate about. Every country in the world is affected by trafficking, whether as a country of origin, transit, or destination for victims. Article 3, paragraph (a) of the  Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons  defines Trafficking in Persons as  the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abductionRead MoreHuman Trafficking as a Global Issue1405 Words   |  6 Pagesrecognise that there are differing types of trafficking globally, including voluntary, involuntary, trafficking into labour exploitation and trafficking into sexual exploitation. However, for the purpose of this report, we will look more specifically into the vast existence of sexual exploitation in trafficking, considering the 85% of women and girls that are trafficked into prostitution and other forms of sexual exploitation worldwide. Human trafficking is a global issue, existing in some form inRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is Considered Modern Day Slavery1217 Words   |  5 PagesHuman trafficking is defined as any type of work which people are forced to do against their will under the threat of some form of punishment and it is an affront to the most basic of human freedoms. In the Trafficking protocol (†¦.) human trafficking is defined as â€Å" the recruitment, transport, transfer, harboring or receipt of a person by such means as threats or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud or deception for the purpose of exploitation†. Almost all slavery practicesRead MoreHuman Trafficking : A Global Perspective1402 Words   |  6 PagesIn Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective, Louise Shelley examines why and how human occurs. Dr. Shelley, founder and director of the Terrorism, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center and Professor in the School of Public Policy at George Mason Un iversity is a lead expert on transnational crime and terrorism. She has written numerous works on all sides of transnational crime and corruption. The main focus of her work is on the former Soviet Union. Shelley does an excellent job on giving the readerRead MoreEssay on The Devastating Effects of Human Trafficking in South Africa889 Words   |  4 Pagesworld today is human trafficking. Annually, about 600,000-800,000 people are trafficked across international borders, mostly consisting of women and children. Although this is an issue worldwide, it is especially an important issue in South Africa. I have chosen this topic because many people are not aware of this issue. Trafficking also violates human rights—especially the rights of women and children. This issue relates to the topic of â€Å"Children in the World.† Although trafficking affects peopleRead MoreUtilitarianism, Deontology, And Virtue Ethics1586 Words   |  7 Pagesan ethical epidemic that is plaguing this world and it is called Human Trafficking. Human trafficking is a serious crime that violates common human rights by trading humans and forcing them to complete acts of coerced labor, or sex slavery. It is the 2nd largest criminal operation in the world next to the drug cartel and it is done to make money off these innocent lives (Ottisova, 2016). The illegal trade and exploitation of human beings for forced labor, prostitution and reproductive favors is

Religion Film Analysis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2542 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/03/19 Category Art Essay Level High school Tags: Film Analysis Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Perception is often defined as the process of how you view the world around you. Organizing, interpreting information starts out from that perception. Perception plays a big part because your reality is determined by your culture, beliefs, and life experiences. Perception also affects the way people communicate with one another. Perception also plays a crucial role in representing war conflict among society and expressing who the good and bad guys are. Religion is also somewhat the primary source in some cases. Whether it being the good guy trying to seek justice in bringing down the bad guy, war is represented in many ways as a resolution to resolve an issue. I also think that religion paves a pathway for society which allows people to have a reason behind their action. This point has shaped peoples personal morals and perceptions as well as the laws to establish societys fundamental ways. Many movies portray religion to interpret messages to their audiences in different ways. The entertainment industry has also played a vital role in representing religious practices and beliefs in a bad way. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Religion Film Analysis" essay for you Create order Many films have spirituality and even strictly use religion as their main theme. It provides a sense of guide. Religion has its shares of promoting violence as we can see in four films. Many will argue that the cause on wars is from economic and political reasons. Separating religion out of economic and political motives can reveal so much. In these specific films American Sniper and Three Kings, The Reluctant Fundamentalist, and Inglorious Bastards their cultural changes can be examined through the different representations of war and shows who the good and bad guys. In the legendary film, American Sniper, real-life experiences can express how much of an evolving country America has transformed into. The representation of war in which it is also apparent to show the good and bad guys is also classified here. Americans are often looked upon as self-centered and only concerned about their own people. They had no intentions of befriending the enemy and in this film, it is obvious as to who the enemy is. This film through the eyes of Kyle, presents more of an emotional, brave and violent aspect, while in film Three Kings it contributes more of an adventurous, rebellious, brutal and comical side. The Gulf war which was viewed as an interesting part of modern history does reflect within these cultural changes and can be seen in these films. The two films in a way try to ignore the political stance rather than the military establishment. In John Engelhardts book, The End of Victory Culture he exposes the victory culture of the US propaganda by media and industries, particularly those that are targeted towards cultural growth, and victory cultures decline from the Vietnam War to the present. Engelhardts book argues that the truthful collapse was due to the decline of Americas victory culture. Foreign threats and lack of position understanding have also increased violence. He explains how an array of disconnect since 9/11 plays a big part in change including how dominance, victory, and war are perceived. John Engelhardt argues that the reinterpretation of American culture since World War II relates to the experience of a generation that grew up in the wake of Japanese surrender to present time. Through these movies they explore the cultural values within a nation that has lost its national myth which Engelhardt states that elimination of a less than human enemy was the key to achieving its destiny (). It can be determined that even an observer of American culture would say that that change has been through being more sympathetic to civilians. The concept of befriending another group was completely out the door. Those changes were made by the cultural values, lifestyles and attitude. There seems to be an endless array of conflict because there is a lack of agreement. Within the film Chris Kyle often refers to the bible and God as the center of why he kept his faith. I think the after math of war does in fact traumatize a person which is why I think Kyle struggled emotionally after returning from war. His religious identity may also have been his way of survival. With the number of kills Kyle reportedly recorded he became numb and killing became a norm for him. Since he knew Jesus died on the cross, But I strongly believe in God, Jesus, and the Bible. When I die, God is going to hold me accountable for everything Ive done on earth. I believe the fact that Ive accepted Jesus as my savior will be my salvation, he wrote. But in that backroom or whatever it is when God confronts me with my sins, I do not believe any of the kills I had during the war will be among them. Everyone I shot was evil. I had good cause on every shot. They all deserved to die (). He felt that it was his duty to kill the evil and we can clearly see this through his encounters. He justifies his kills by expressing how they were indeed evil and they deserved to be killed. Using biblical references in some way provided a source of shield and protection over his actions. Kyle did not have to make a big show out of getting down on one knee and praying to show his religious beliefs verbally as anyone Christian would in church, but instead this was a mental act that kept his faith strong. What made American Sniper quite interesting is the fact that it introduced the typical Arab stereotype. When Kyle was on top of a building watching through a high-powered scope there was a young mother and boy walking. Kyle watched as the mother, wrapped in her burqa and hijab, and handed a grenade to the young boy and sent him through towards a squad of American troops. They were seen from his point of view as dangerous and he had to protect his men, so he executed them both. The film shows no empathy towards the woman and child. Kyles viewpoint holds as a way of justification for his actions. To protect his troop, he had to make a choice and pick who was the good and bad guys and remorse was not an option here. In another way the film Three Kings pinpoints a completely different outlook on the representations of war and who are the good guys and bad guys with religion. What Englehardt mentions can be assessed in the film Three Kings. In his online journal he says, The only notable movie to come out of the war, Three Kings, presented the conflict as Vietnam on speed: a war of multiple betrayals and massacres; a war without honor or sense (Dreaming of World War II, living with Vietnam). Because the movie portrays a wild, comical and interesting view the movie presents so much truth. The three men seem to be on an adventure to find the gold but along the way the greed turns into a good deed and sacrifice. At the beginning of the movie tension arises when the civilian children think the American soldiers are there to help, but the parents sense something is wrong because the soldiers barge in looking for something. They are intimidated and afraid and that is something all war troops pose in other countries. They are there to protect their own country and what they sent out to do. In one scene, it was misinterpretation because the Arab soldiers shot the big truck which they assumed was dangerous but instead they realized after busting it with bullets that it contained milk for the civilians. A lot of what the movie presented explains exactly how out soldiers are. Troy did not want to go through with the quest because he knew it would be dangerous, and he felt that he needed to stay alive because of his family. A few examples of American culture were when they used football shaped bombs. Clooney also says something very intriguing stating, no unnecessary shots because we know what they do. He means that the Arab soldiers are known for just shooting carelessly, and we saw this because when the three kings tried to escape with the prisoners a little boy tried to stop the explosives and gasses from when shot at Clooney and his team. The Arabs then shot a bomb and killed the little boy. This shows how because the little boy went against his own people he was killed for trying to help the American soldiers and prisoners he was banished. Another representation of American culture is also the luxurious cars, and how Clooney needed money to give cars, they bought the cars, and how one man was stealing nice jeans. Another interesting point is when troy gets kidnapped by the Arabs and held captive. This explains what Americans go through and what they get themselves into. Interrogation starts when the guy starts questioning Troy about Michael Jackson and why his black skin turned white. The guy says that America makes blacks hate themselves and he blames America for this. He also states that Americans blow up their homes when they come to Iraq and that is how he lost his child, wife and family. This man is basically expressing his truthful thoughts of how other people perceive Americans stating they come there to destroy. They also state how the American reporters do not know exactly what they are recording, they view things for entertainment and a business. The reporter mentions that the industry is about sexual politics, looks, sex, and style. I find it interesting that when Troy gets rescued he hesitates and does not does not kill the guy because everything he stated to him when he was kidnapped really has him thinking. Troys whole perspective is changed now because he sees that these are people too and he had no clue they viewed Americans in such a terrible way that he allows him to live. Through this film we can see how other countries are intimidated by American soldiers because they are trained in weapons, cause interrogation, and invade another country. This film basically starts out as greed but later turned into good deed. Although Clooney and his team was less than 100 feet away from the check in point at the Iraq border point they risked their constitutional rights to save those civilian refugees for the gold and good deed. Soldiers are known for their honor but here Clooney feels good about disobeying the policy to help other people instead of earning a star medal for the gold. The Gold was eventually returned to Kuwait by Iraq, but the American troops were in violation of the American policy for helping the civilians. Although Three Kings advertises more of a dark-comedy yet sympathetic it leans more on a lesson learned. At the same time, it tries to be a film about human nature and how the evil guy and the good guy are at stake. It places war life in a sense of what would you choose your own people or stand up for justice. Since America is known as a moral motivation of liberty and justice for all. It also factors in the Biblical view of human nature and how the concept of sacrifice is the right thing to do. On the other hand, The Reluctant Fundamentalist focuses on the context of debates about U.S multiculturalism after 9/11. Through this film the representation of war is also apparent as to who the good and bad guys are. Whenever the word Muslim comes into play people automatically assume terrorist. In this film a well-educated Princeton Wall Street analyst from Pakistan reveals how 9/11 changed his worldview and opinion. During a conversation with an American journalist investigating the kidnapping of a foreign professor Changez begins to see why he left the US in the first place. They want him to go against his own people to help the CIA. possible fundamentalist because of how he looks racial differences. America is no longer pulling but pushing. Yet hes not particularly religious. But during his stay in America, he begins to act in a way that seems increasingly Muslim-nationalist. So theres an element of him being the reluctant fundamentalist. Changez works for a firm, where he values companies based on their economic fundamentals. As he begins to identify more and more with the employees of the companies that he is valuing, he becomes a reluctant fundamentalist in his inability to continue doing that. an economic boom beginning. fits right in with current debates about the radicalization of young Muslims. Changez is torn between the desire to belong and his fear of the cultural take their toll on Changez life and America soon invades Afghanistan, Changez rejects the American dream altogether, Hamid intentionally leaves open the question of who represents good and who evil in this battle of wills. According to Hamid, The real question is: Will humanity find the empathy we need if we are to live together. Many may question why is an American life more important and why is Changez to blame? His background profile is basically thrown to the side and the American journalist looks at his physical appearance that may fit the what they are looking for. Because Changez is a part of a culture that speaks the Pakistan language they ignore his intelligence but instead use that as a threat. During this time, it seems as if Americans became more cautious and blamed any person that looked different or fit the description after 9/11. In the film a reporter says, violence is used as a tool for social change and because Changez held secret meetings they thought he was behind it. Changez was treated as a terrorist when he was stripped and told to bend over. He felt as if they dehumanized him. He noticed his friends started talking down on Muslims. Americans took different forms on how they reached this event. When an individual is not culturally fit he is judged and labeled as a terrorist or an enemy. As things progress aggression begins to form which interfered with their jobs. Changez was harassed, tires slashed, his familys house was raided, and then suddenly violence came over him. He still carried on his cultural traditions but attending church and. Changez noticed that he is trying to help everyone, but everyone saw it as wrong. He had concluded that money cannot fix everything. His job had told him to get rid of his beard because it intimidated people because they were used to a clean cut. Appearances were important at this point. Changez experience injustice when he was arrested because the police thought he did something wrong when he was the wrong guy. Changez says I have to live in truth which is why he finally decides to go back to his homeland where he felt comfortable and likely accepted by his people. Once home the song lyrics are religious and he wants the lord to hear him out. With no job or no visa he feels that since he could not be himself in another country he would do it in his own country.

The Banning Of Movies On Lgbt, Religion, Laws, And History

The recent banning of movies with the reason of them containing homosexual contents have started a wave of ridicule of authorities and their justification. Over the years, several movies were banned in the United States for the same reason as well. Such examples include American Beauty, But I’m a Cheerleader, Rent, Brokeback Mountain, and Bruno. Besides movies, anything and everything else on the media have been closely monitored by the authorities. Authorities in certain countries, especially Middle Eastern countries, have even gone to the lengths of labelling homosexuality as illegal by law. This not only affects the thinking of citizens of those countries, but also oppress people that identify as LGBTQ in those respective countries.†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, the word â€Å"homosexual† is a socially constructed word. According to Creech, sexuality was only explored towards the end of the 19th century through psychoanalysts as they believed that sexual ity helps understand human personality better. All in all, The Bible encourages â€Å"a loving, mutual, caring, committed relationship†. Understanding this, churches are beginning to grow more accepting towards the LGBTQ community (Murphy). Indic religions, or Dharmic religions, such as Hinduism and Buddhism, do not express strong opinions on homosexuality. In fact, a third gender is mentioned in an ancient Hindu legal text called Manu Smriti. This excerpt explains the third gender as such: A male child is produced by a greater quantity of male seed, a female child by the prevalence of the female; if both are equal, a third-sex child or boy and girl twins are produced; if either are weak or deficient in quantity, a failure of conception results (3.49). The third gender is also defined as not procreative according to The Vedas, a Hindu scripture. However, it is viewed negatively as the third gender is usually affiliated with low class as described in ancient text (Gyatso). Interestingly, members of the third sex are not frowned upon even though some ancient Hindu law books describe non-vaginal sex as impure. Kama Sutra, a Hindu text that describes the pleasure ofShow MoreRelatedThere Are All Kinds Of People4680 Words   |  19 Pagesgender identity/expression deserve the same rights as anyone else. The LGBTQIA acronym refers to any lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning, intersex, and/or asexual person. I will be using the shortened version throughout this paper, â€Å"LGBT†, but keep in mind that this also includes queer/questioning, intersex, and asexual people. Stereotypes have always been a large part of societal perspective, stereotypes pertaining to sexuality even more so. Sexual stereotypes suggest that all somewhatRead MoreHistory of Sexuality3607 Words   |  15 PagesIn fact, he held that his work was in line with the modernity of the philosophies of Kant. In The History of Sexuality Foucault examined the role of sex and gender in power relations. This three volume series was published in 1984. In the first volume, Foucault explores the functioning of sexuality as a way to analyze the relationship between power and the science of sexuality. Foucaults History defined sexuality as the set of effects produced in bodies, behaviors, and social relations by a

Ethical Leadership Decision The Education -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Ethical Leadership Decision The Education? Answer: Introduction Each and every organization has its unique behavioral processes and characteristics. An organization develops its corporate culture by incorporating its different values and ethics. Ethical dilemma is a trait that is found in the organization and it has clear connection with moral dilemmas. In a company, ethical dilemma leads the human resources to make wrong decisions because of difficulties. Specifically, ethical issue arises when an employee has to distinguish between immoral and moral act. For an organization, it is very important to find the morality while making the decisions on the basis of significant aspects of business. There are various organizations, which have faced different ethical dilemmas. These ethical dilemmas have adverse impact on image and reputation of firm and its business processes (Braswell, McCarthy, McCarthy, 2017). The major objective of this essay is to analyze the ethical dilemma that is faced by Uber Technologies Company. This essay provides brief discussion about the Uber Company that is engaged in ethically wrong doings with its employees. It also includes some theoretical concepts of management ethics, which can be used to examine the ethical issues. Moreover, it discusses the impact of these concepts on managerial practices of Uber. At the end, it describes leadership decision making concepts, which can be considered by Uber to ensure integrity and morality of organizational decisions. Ethical Dilemma Faced by organization and Theoretical Aspects Uber Inc. is an American Organization that is offering transportation services and operating its business in more than 630 cities. Since its establishment in 2009, the organization is connecting transportation industry with the information technology through its mobile application (Elliott, 2015). According to the recent data and figures, the brand value of Uber Company is more than a taxi service provider in America and all over the world. Under its operations, the drivers run their own cars or they can take a cab on rent. Uber offers very easy, convenient and affordable rides to the people, so that can arrive to their location safely. In addition to transportation services, the organization is offering online food delivery services to its potential customers (Casadesus-Masanell, Makenzie, Didiomov, 2015). One of the unique characteristics of organization is that they offer its services through mobile application. The organization is constantly looking for different ways to renovat e its services and expand the range of vehicles. In this industry, the major competitors of the company are Lyft and Sidecar, which are also operating their business effectively. Further discussing about the ethical issue that is faced by Uber Inc., it can be noticed that there are various issues, in which this organization has involved. For example, one of the major issues is the scandal, in which Ubers top management has dismissed over 20 employees due to case of sexual harassment. In Past few years, it has been noted that the people of organization are involved in harassment doings with the colleagues (Crane, and Matten, 2016). Recently, a former Susan Fowler revealed to the media that she was assaulted sexually by a co-worker. Another ethical dilemma, which was the part of Ubers business processes and operations, is that organization adopted a contractor relationship with its drivers. The major issue is that organization is breaking the rights of its drivers by considering as them drivers, not like real employees. Due to contractor relationship, the employees were unable to access and enjoy most of their rights being employees. A case of unfair dismissal was filed against Uber Inc. by disabled drivers, who thought that these practices of company are not justified (Yoo, 2017). Uber believed it very innovative that it didnt call its drivers as employees as they are known as its drive-partners of company. Due to this, drivers feel isolated and dont have family-like relation with the organization. According to Fair Work Commission, contractor relationship should not be implemented by Ubers management because this practice is beneficial for the organization, but it neglects the rights and interests of companys employees. This is the major reason behind the ethical dilemma, faced by Uber Technologies and it is related to its employee management process. Thus, this is one of the major situations, where Uber Organization has faced the ethical dilemma (Chikweche, Fletcher, 2013). Due to this, the drivers were very disappointed and Rideshare Drivers Association of Australia filed a case against Uber on behalf of drivers. This ethical dilemma leads its drivers to lower morale and they lose their loyalty towards Uber as they are not employed on permanent basis. The firm has received several driver complaints; this indicates that other competitors have a chance to acquire the services of these drivers. This movement of other organizations will impact the brand image and revenues of Uber Inc. This above mentioned ethical dilemma positions Ubers competitors such as Lyft in a competitive position to stay in market as it improves the screening of drivers and make sure they are maintaining high ethical standards on service (Clegg, Kornberger, Pitsis, 2015). To deal and examine this ethical dilemma of Uber, different ethical theories can be used. These ethical concepts assist a company to handle this type of ethical issues. Every organization should follow these theoretical aspects of management ethics to overcome ethical dilemma (DesJardins, and McCall, 2014). Each and every person, who is connected with organization directly or indirectly, is known as stakeholder. Thus, the situation of company can be examined using stakeholder theory. According to stakeholder theory, a business or organization should focus on creating the value for its both internal and external stakeholders (Ferrell, Fraedrich, 2015). Under the term stakeholder, it includes employees, customers, suppliers, shareholders, communities etc. The idea of this theory states that the top managers of organization have the responsibility and duty to maximize the interests of its all employees in a manner, which is permitted by social and ethical values. This theory states tha t it is the social responsibility of Uber to supervise and take care of its drivers. It should investigate all the information about the drivers. The company needs to be cautious about how they can work in the interests of its drivers by considering them employees. This theory states that if the company will not take the responsibility for its drivers and society, then it may face the decline in business in long run (Harris, 2014). From this analysis, it can be stated that Uber is failed in stakeholder engagement with its drivers. Complying with this theoretical aspect, the company will be able to consider the drivers as employees and develop the strategies for effective management of drivers interests. In the case of Uber, Right Theory of Management Ethics can be used for examining the issue, because this theory can be effective in unfair treatment with its drivers. By considering another aspect of management ethics i.e. rights, it can be stated that rights are the privileges, which a person receives while employed by an organization. There are certain rights, which are given by organization, when a person works in an organization by becoming its part (Huddleston, 2014). For example, employees get the power to use their human rights as they are living in the community. These human rights are the fundamental rights, which an individual always have. Moreover, these rights assist the employees in saving themselves, while working with an organization. The rights to employees are ethical, because they assist the people to secure themselves from misleading and fraud practices. It is legal and ethical that employees can access some specific rights in a company. It assists the organization in keeping the interest of stakeholders in business processes and activities. In addition to this, it also supports the organization in developing and imposing the code of conduct and laws. According to the right theory of ethics, the people of an organization have some rights that no one can take from them (Hunt, 2014). For instance, these rights are like; right to involve, right to get information, right to speak, right to involve in decision making process etc. Moreover, it is the responsibility of a company to give these rights to its internal and external stakeholders. The stakeholder can access these rights effectively and no one can restrict them from doing so. Discussing about the chosen case in this essay Uber Inc., the news stated that this organization is developing contractor relationship with its drivers and these drivers are not on permanent employment arrangement. It has given a new name to its drivers, i.e. driving partners instead of considering them as employees. In this context, Fair Work Commission has stated that this is against fundamental rights of organizations people that they should treat their drivers equally, like they treat other front and back office staff. At Uber, the management has played a game or tactics by calling its drivers as partners in place of employees. This action of company ceased all the employee rights of drivers at Uber. They become insecure about their job, as they can be disabled by its top management any time (LeBaron, 2014). Due to companys this step, they were unable to access their employee rights while working with Uber Inc. Right theory of managerial ethics indicates that this action of compa ny is against its code of conduct and ethical procedures. Looking at the ethical rights of people, it is moral right of employees to be an integral part of company. At Uber, drivers are the important stakeholders, who assist the organization in generating revenues and profits by offering rides to customers. Thus, it is the obligation of Uber Inc. to give the rights and privileges to the human resources (Litschka, Suske, Brandtweiner, 2011). Furthermore, the company can focus on the Kantianism theory of business ethics, which focuses on treating all the people equally. In this case, Uber Inc. is treating its drivers as drive partners only, not like its employees. The drivers were not having the rights like other front line and back office employees had. This theory complies with the aspect of humanity and states that Uber is unethical as it has the drivers only for generating profits and revenues for it. These drivers at Uber are driving cabs for many hours and still they are not treated as employees (Bowie, 2017). It indicates that these drivers are only meant to perform hardly for comparatively lower wages from Uber Inc. The implementation of this theory will have a large impact on enhancing the brand image of organization. With the effect of this theory, the company will be able to treat all the employees equally. By complying with above given theories, Uber will be able to develop a positive environment and change in the business organization. Moreover, it also assists the external and internal stakeholders to gain and enjoy their fundamental rights, which they deserve as an integral part of organization. All of the above theoretical practices will influence the managerial practices of Uber Inc. If the company complies with the right theory, then it will have to give fundamental rights to its drivers (Macmillan, 2015). It will motivate the drivers on their job and engage them towards business practices. One of the major benefits of these theories will be sustainability and retention of employees. Higher motivation and stakeholder engagement will enhance the performance of drivers and they will be more loyal towards organization and its managerial practices. By understanding their duties and responsibilities towards drivers, Uber will be able to increase their morale and trust in the organizat ion and they will feel security towards their job. In the process of decision making, it is significant to include all the stakeholders and employees and take their ideas and opinions. After analyzing all the theories, it can be stated that stakeholder theory is the most significant and effective in case of Uber Inc. The company needs to understand that stakeholders are the primary assets for a company. The impact of stakeholder makes sure the sustainability of organization. The management of organization needs to become more concerned about the interests and rights of its stakeholders, including its drivers. The employees are required to be more satisfied and motivated. Specifically, the managerial ethics should be implied on the basis of satisfying the needs of customers (Mahadevan, 2015). In the case of Uber Inc., these allegations are more emphasized on unethical practices, which are not beneficial for both the organization and its employees, i.e. drivers. Thus, implementation of stakeholder theory is principally required for future development and existence of Uber Inc. The managers of company need to become more conscious about its actions towards drivers. If the actions of these managers will be justified and valued by others, it will be beneficial for the growth of Uber Inc. In addition to this, implementation of these theoretical aspects will enable the organization managing the work flow and business operations (Shapiro, Stefkovich, 2016). Role of Leadership in Ethical Decision Making It can be noted that role of leadership styles on ethical decision making is very significant. There are different types of leadership theories, which are concerned with different decision making processes. In an organization, leadership and ethical decision making process are interrelated with each other. All these components of organization assist each other in developing workflow management. Management behavior is guided by the decision making process in the organization and decision making can be applied based on leadership characteristics and qualities (Upton, Teal Felan, 2010). The effectiveness and level of decisions totally depends on the skills and qualities of leader. In an organization, a leader is an individual, who thinks more about his/her team than him/her. Leaders make the decision with responsibility and authority and they are accountable for their actions. Effective leaders not only assist the company to develop but also assist in attaining the virtue and rights. T he ethical decisions, made by leaders assist the organization in attaining its business objectives. In context of stakeholders interests, it is the responsibility of leaders to provide their duties and rights in company. They should never cease the rights of employees and these decisions should not have adverse impact on the stakeholders interests and ethical rights. These decisions should be taken on the basis of code of conduct and ethical policies; otherwise it will lead them towards employee dissatisfaction (Weiss, 2014). In the case of Uber, it can be noted that Uber Inc. has not applied the above aspects in its business processes. This is the major reason that it has confronted the issues related to employee dissatisfaction and dismissal. At Uber, the leaders and managers were unproductive to deal with the drivers as employees. Due to this, lower employee morale and dissatisfaction was developed among employees. It had an adverse impact on business environment. The organization has confronted the issue that it intentionally recruited the drivers on contractor relationship, i.e. not on permanent employment basis. So, these drivers are not getting their employee rights, being a part of organization. This decision of organization was not ethical and it was against its code of conduct and ethics, because they have ceased their fundamental rights (Burke, 2017). However, Uber is implementing this decision for attaining financial advantage and objectives. But it should not negotiate with employment rights of employees to gain their own benefits. Thus, the leaders at Uber may ensure that all the rights are given to its drivers and other employees. At Uber, the leaders and manager have taken the financial advantage by becoming an autocratic leader. They ruled the drivers by posing this decision and did not consider the issues of drivers. Due to this, Uber drivers filed a case of unfair dismissal against the firm because of unequal treatment to them. A leader should ensure that company is making ethical decisios for its employees. As a leader, it was the responsibility of management team of Uber that it should consider the problems faced by drivers and eliminate them (Yoo, 2017). They should consider their drivers as employees and provide all the related rights. In addition to this, the organization should involve all the employees and stakeholders in its decision making process. It should create a code of conduct and ethical policy, which should be complied with while making important decisions of organization. In this way, it depends on the leadership that how they comply with the theories of managerial ethics and code of conduct. About Uber, it is noted that company did not implement any policy or strategy for employee retention and sustainability. So, the leaders should consider the reasons behind employee dissatisfaction and then implement the effective procedures. The leaders at Uber need to adopt the leadership style and characteristics, which are beneficial for both the organization and its employees, including drivers. By doing this, the organization will be able to increase enhance the drivers motivation level and employee loyalty towards its services. It should not consider the drivers only as means of revenue generation, but also an integral part of organization (Burke, 2017). Conclusion From the above essay analysis, it can be noticed that Uber is engaged in various unethical practices and procedures, which affected the organizational image adversely. There are various events, where this organization was against its ethical code of conduct. One of the major issues is that company recruited its drivers on contract basis and it does not consider them as Ubers employees. They are just known as Ubers drive partners that affected the productivity and efficiency of its drivers. According to the Fair Work Commission, it is unethical and illegal not to treat the drivers like other employees of company. The essay focuses on the above mentioned ethical dilemma that is faced by Uber Inc. recently. The essay includes three theoretical concepts of management ethics, i.e. stakeholder theory, right theory and Kantianism theory. These theories can be used to examine and overcome the issue at Uber. Implementation of these theories will be beneficial for the organization to manage th e workflow effectively. By looking at the above essay, it can be noticed that leaders play an important role in the process of ethical decision making. Thus, the leaders should make efforts to improve organizational situations and develop a positive environment through ethical decision making. The management at Uber needs to give employee rights to its drivers, so that they can work with complete motivation and satisfaction. In this way, it is significant for the leaders to resolve the employee issues and adopt an effective leadership style. The leaders should make efforts to ensure that company is making ethical decisions, which are in the interest of both employees and entire organization. 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